25,729 articles
Brachydactyly type A2
Brachydactyly type A2 (Mohr-Wriedt type, OMIM 112600): rare autosomal dominant limb malformation with short, triangular middle phalanx of the index finger and second toe, caused by BMPR1B, GDF5, or BMP2 regulatory mutations.
Brachydactyly type B
Brachydactyly type B (BDB) is a rare congenital condition in which the ends of the fingers, but not the thumbs, are underdeveloped or absent, with missing fingernails.
Brachydactyly type C
Brachydactyly type C (BDC, OMIM 113100, Haws type brachydactyly) is a rare skeletal disorder with short middle phalanges of fingers 2, 3, and 5, a spared fourth finger, and GDF5 mutations at 20q11.2.
Brachydactyly type E
Brachydactyly type E (BDE, OMIM 113300, 613382) is a rare autosomal dominant digit malformation with shortened metacarpals and metatarsals, caused in isolated cases by HOXD13 or PTHLH mutations and seen in syndromes such as pseudohypoparathyroidism.
Brachydactyly-arterial hypertension syndrome
Brachydactyly-arterial hypertension syndrome (HTNB, Bilginturan syndrome, OMIM 112410) is a rare autosomal dominant PDE3A disorder with brachydactyly type E, short stature, childhood-onset salt-independent hypertension, and stroke before age 50 untreated.
Brachydactyly-elbow wrist dysplasia syndrome
Brachydactyly-elbow wrist dysplasia syndrome, or Liebenberg syndrome (OMIM 186550), is a rare autosomal dominant upper-limb malformation caused by PITX1 regulatory variants on 5q, producing elbow dysplasia, carpal fusion, and brachydactyly.
Brachymorphism-onychodysplasia-dysphalangism syndrome
Brachymorphism-onychodysplasia-dysphalangism syndrome, also known as BOD syndrome, is a rare genetic malformation syndrome with short stature, small fifth digits with dysplastic nails, and mild intellectual disability.
Brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata
Brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata is a rare X-linked recessive bone dysplasia caused by arylsulfatase E deficiency, causing underdeveloped fingertip bones, nasal hypoplasia, stippled epiphyses, and usually a good prognosis.
Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk
Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk: six-subscale nursing tool (sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, friction/shear) scoring 6-23, lower = higher pressure ulcer risk; cutoff 18, 16 in ICU; developed by Bergstrom and Braden, 1987.
Bradley A. Malin
Bradley A. Malin is an American biomedical informatician at Vanderbilt University Medical Center who studies health data re-identification and privacy, elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2018.
Bradyarrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction
Bradyarrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction: sinus bradycardia and AV block complicating heart attack, mostly with inferior RCA-occlusion MI via vagal reflexes; managed with atropine, temporary pacing, and selected permanent pacing.
Bradycardia
Bradycardia, or slow heart rate (bradyarrhythmia), is a resting heart rate below 60 bpm in adults, below 50 per the 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline. Causes include sinus node dysfunction, heart block, hypothyroidism, and rate-slowing drugs; treatment ranges from drug adjustment to pacemakers.
Bradycardic cardiac arrest
Bradycardic cardiac arrest: arrest reached through severe bradycardia or bradyasystole, usually from hypoxia or asphyxia rather than primary dysrhythmia; covers thresholds, atropine and pacing management, and survival by rhythm.
Bradyopsia
Bradyopsia (PERRS, prolonged electroretinal response suppression), a rare autosomal recessive retinal disorder from RGS9 or RGS9BP mutations, causing markedly delayed light-dark adaptation, difficulty tracking moving objects, mild photophobia, and reduced acuity with normal color vision.
Bradyphrenia
Bradyphrenia, also called mental slowness, is slowed thinking and cognitive processing, coined by Naville in 1922 for post-encephalitic parkinsonism and now coded ICD-11 MB23.3, most often linked to Parkinson's disease.
BRAF rearrangement analysis
BRAF rearrangement analysis is molecular diagnostic testing that detects BRAF gene fusions in tumor tissue, found especially in pilocytic astrocytoma, to support cancer diagnosis and guide RAF- or MEK-directed therapy.
Brahma Rasayana
Brahma Rasayana (Brāhma rasāyana), also called Abhaya Amalaki Avaleha, is a classical Ayurvedic polyherbal rejuvenative confection of amla, haritaki, ghee, and dozens of herbs, used traditionally for fatigue, memory loss, and senility.
Brahmi ghrta
Brahmi ghrta (Brāhmī Ghṛta, ब्राह्मी घृत) is a classical Ayurvedic medicated ghee with Bacopa monnieri, vacha, kushtha, and shankhapushpi, prescribed for Unmada, Apasmara, and cognitive disorders; distinct from Brahmi vati and Brahmi churna.
Brahmi Vati
Brahmi Vati (Brāhmī vaṭī), an official Ayurvedic herbo-mineral tablet built on Bacopa monnieri, studied for anxiety, hypertension, and PMDD; formulary dose 125–250 mg; heavy-metal contamination risk in some marketed products.
Brain
The brain: three-pound central nervous system organ governing intelligence, senses, movement, and behavior; protected by skull, meninges, and blood-brain barrier; NINDS studies over 600 neurological diseases affecting some 100 million Americans.
Brain abscess
Brain abscess: focal pus collection in brain parenchyma after cerebritis, arising from contiguous, hematogenous, or direct inoculation spread; treated with drainage plus 6-8 weeks antibiotics; about 12% case fatality.
Brain biopsy
Brain biopsy is a neurosurgical procedure that removes a small sample of brain tissue for microscopic examination, used to diagnose tumors, infections, and inflammatory diseases.
Brain connectivity
Brain connectivity: study of structural and functional connections among brain units at micro, meso, and macro scales; also a peer-reviewed journal (Brain Connect, ISSN 2158-0014) founded 2011 by Mary Ann Liebert, now SAGE.
Brain Cortical Thickness
Brain cortical thickness is the millimeter distance between the gray-white boundary and pial surface of the cortex, averaging about 2.5 mm in humans, measured from MRI via FreeSurfer, CAT12, and similar pipelines, and genetically independent of cortical surface area.
Brain death
Brain death, or death by neurologic criteria, is permanent loss of whole-brain including brainstem function, shown by coma, absent brainstem reflexes, and failed apnea testing; determined under the 2023 AAN/AAP/CNS/SCCM guideline and legally equivalent to circulatory death under the UDDA.
Brain dopamine-serotonin vesicular transport disease
Brain dopamine-serotonin vesicular transport disease (PKDYS2, brain monoamine vesicular transport disease) is a rare autosomal recessive infantile-onset disorder caused by SLC18A2 mutations impairing VMAT2, causing dystonia, parkinsonism, autonomic dysfunction, and developmental delay; dopamine agonists help while levodopa worsens.
Brain herniation
Brain herniation: displacement of brain tissue through intracranial barriers (tentorial notch, falx, foramen magnum) from raised intracranial pressure; types include subfalcine, uncal, central, tonsillar; treated with ICP control and decompressive surgery.
Brain Imaging Data Structure
Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS): community standard for organizing neuroimaging and behavioral data in a machine-readable directory hierarchy with JSON sidecars; released 2016, extended via BEPs, used by OpenNeuro and DANDI.
Brain injury
Brain injury: acquired brain damage from trauma (TBI) or internal causes such as hypoxic-ischaemic injury; covers acute care, rehabilitation, outcome measurement, and research priorities; distinct from the journal Brain Injury.
Brain ischemia
Brain ischemia (cerebral ischemia) is localized reduction of brain blood flow from arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion, producing a salvageable penumbra around a dying core; treated with thrombolysis and thrombectomy within imaging-defined time windows.