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Caturmukha rasa
Caturmukha rasa (Chaturmukha Rasa), a classical Ayurvedic herbo-mineral tablet of purified mercury, sulphur, iron bhasma, and mica bhasma, used for asthma, anemia, and diabetes, with rat antidiabetic and toxicity studies.
Cauda equina
Cauda equina, "horse's tail" in Latin, is the bundle of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots descending from the conus medullaris (spinal cord ends L1-L2) to the coccyx; compression causes cauda equina syndrome, a surgical emergency.
Cauda equina syndrome
Cauda equina syndrome (CES): surgical emergency from compression of lumbosacral nerve roots, defined by bladder, bowel, or sexual dysfunction with back and leg pain; diagnosed by urgent MRI, treated by decompression, ideally within 48 hours.
Caudal Anesthesia
A caudal block is a regional anesthetic technique in which local anesthetic is injected through the sacral hiatus into the caudal epidural space, used chiefly in children for lower-body surgery.
Caudal appendage
Caudal appendage, or human tail, ICD-11 LB73.29: a congenital skin-covered protrusion on the lower back, classed as true tail or pseudotail, often a marker of occult spinal dysraphism.
Caudal duplication
Caudal duplication (caudal duplication syndrome, dipygus, split notochord syndrome) is a rare congenital anomaly duplicating cloaca- and notochord-derived structures: distal colon, genitourinary organs, and lower spine, with unknown prevalence and no established inheritance.
Caudal regression syndrome
Caudal regression syndrome (caudal dysplasia) is a rare congenital spectrum of lumbosacral spinal agenesis with spinal cord, lower limb, and urogenital anomalies, strongly associated with maternal pre-gestational diabetes and ranging to sirenomelia.
Caul
Caul: amniotic membrane remaining on a newborn's head or face at birth; en caul birth is delivery inside an intact amniotic sac. Rare (about 1.5% in a Swedish cohort), used deliberately in preterm cesarean delivery, and long sold as a drowning-preventing talisman.
Cauliflower ear
Cauliflower ear, also known as wrestler's ear, is a lumpy, shriveled deformity of the external ear caused by blunt trauma that cuts off the cartilage's blood supply.
Cause of death
Cause of death: the WHO-certified medical and statistical determination of why a person died. Covers immediate, underlying, and contributory causes, ICD-10/ICD-11 coding, death certificate accuracy, leading causes, and verbal autopsy.
Causes of autism
Causes of autism: ASD arises from combined genetic and environmental factors; heritability about 80-86%, rare de novo variants plus common-variant load, prenatal risks, and no vaccine link per WHO.
Causes of cancer
Causes of cancer: genetic changes from cell-division errors, carcinogens (tobacco, UV, asbestos, alcohol), infections (HPV, H. pylori, hepatitis), and inherited mutations; about 37-38% of cases are preventable.
Causes of erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction is caused in over 90% of cases by physical problems, most often vascular disease and diabetes, with medications, pelvic surgery, and hormonal disorders also contributing.
Causes of schizophrenia
Causes of schizophrenia: a multifactorial disorder arising from polygenic risk (no single gene; identical-twin concordance 1 in 2), prenatal and birth complications, cannabis and drug use, stress triggers, and neurodevelopmental and dopamine-glutamate brain mechanisms.
Cauterization
Cauterization: destroying tissue by chemical corrosion, electricity, or heat to remove tissue or seal vessels. Covers electrocautery vs electrosurgery, monopolar/bipolar settings, argon plasma coagulation, epistaxis cautery, complications, and IEC 60601-2-2 regulation.
Cavernous sinus
Cavernous sinus: paired dural venous sinus beside the sella turcica containing the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves III, IV, V1, V2, VI; drains ophthalmic and cerebral veins to the petrosal sinuses.
Cavernous sinus syndromes
Cavernous sinus syndromes: cranial nerve III–VI and sympathetic involvement from lesions of the cavernous sinus; causes include tumors (30%), vascular disease, thrombosis, and Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST), septic or aseptic clot in the cavernous sinus at the skull base; usually a complication of facial or sinus infection, often Staphylococcus aureus, treated with IV antibiotics, heparin, steroids, and surgery.
Cavitary myiasis
Cavitary myiasis (ORPHA:165958, ICD-10 B87.8) is a rare parasitic disease in which dipteran fly larvae infest body cavities (aural, nasal, oral, urogenital) and internal organs, prevalent in tropical Africa and America.
Cavotricuspid isthmus ablation
Cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation is a catheter procedure that cures typical atrial flutter by creating a line of scar tissue across the right atrial isthmus, with about 91% acute success.
CB06 (oral TLR8 agonist)
CB06 (development code CB06-036) is an oral small-molecule agonist of Toll-like receptor 8, developed by Shanghai Zhimeng Biopharma for chronic hepatitis B and licensed globally to GSK in December 2022.
CBP-1018, bi-ligand drug conjugate
CBP-1018 (MVB-101), Coherent Biopharma's Bi-XDC bispecific peptide-drug conjugate targeting PSMA and FRalpha with an MMAE payload, in phase I/II trials for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer; licensed ex-Greater China to MultiValent Biotherapies for up to about USD 2 billion.
CBT-RR trial
CBT-RR trial (NCT02444065): a randomized trial at Toronto General Hospital testing a four-session CBT intervention to facilitate rapid response to day hospital treatment for bulimia nervosa and purging disorder; 95.7% versus 71.4% rapid response versus motivational interviewing.
CCDC115-CDG
CCDC115-CDG (CDG-IIo, CDG2O, MIM 616828) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder of glycosylation caused by CCDC115 variants, causing a Golgi homeostasis defect with infantile hepatosplenomegaly, liver failure, hypotonia, and combined N- and O-glycosylation abnormalities.
CCDC74A
CCDC74A (coiled-coil domain containing 74A), Gene ID 90557, is a human protein-coding gene at 2q21.1 encoding a 378-aa spindle protein that, with its 97.45%-identical paralog CCDC74B, crosslinks K-fiber microtubules for chromosomal alignment; also noted in CRPC expression subgroups.
CCLS study
The California Childhood Leukemia Study (CCLS) is a UC Berkeley population-based case-control study, running since 1995, of genetic and environmental risk factors for childhood leukemia, with matched birth-registry controls, NIEHS/NCI/EPA funding, and CLIC consortium membership.
Cd24fc
CD24Fc (efprezimod alfa, MK-7110) is a CD24 extracellular domain fused to human IgG1 Fc, an innate immune checkpoint agonist developed by OncoImmune and Merck; its phase 3 COVID-19 trial was positive but development was discontinued in 2021.
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
CD4 lymphocyte count (CD4+ count, T4 count, helper T cell count): flow-cytometric blood test measuring CD4 T cells, the key immune-function marker in HIV care, guiding OI prophylaxis and ART monitoring.
CD4-CD8 Ratio
CD4-CD8 ratio (T4-T8 ratio): laboratory measure of helper versus cytotoxic T lymphocytes, normally 1.5-2.0; inverted in HIV, slow to normalize on ART, and prognostic for mortality below 0.5.
CDAD trial
CDAD trial: clinical trials for Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea, covering probiotic adjunct trials (McFarland 1994, Surawicz 2000), prevention trials, guideline positions, and current registered studies like NCT05770726.