Human health and medicine

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), or polyradiculoneuropathy, is an autoimmune peripheral nerve disorder attacking myelin, causing progressive weakness and numbness over at least 8 weeks; treated with IVIg, steroids, plasma exchange, and efgartigimod.

Chronic instability of knee

Chronic instability of knee (ICD-11 FA33.4; ICD-10-CM M23.5) is persistent knee instability from internal derangement such as cruciate rupture or meniscal derangement, causing giving way, pain, and abnormal mobility.

Chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology

Chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology (CIUE), also called chronic histiocytic intervillositis, is a rare placental inflammatory disorder with maternal macrophage infiltration of the intervillous space, causing miscarriage, growth restriction, stillbirth, and recurrence up to 25%.

Chronic intestinal failure

Chronic intestinal failure (CIF, type 3 intestinal failure): persistent loss of gut absorptive function requiring long-term intravenous supplementation, usually home parenteral nutrition. Main cause short bowel syndrome; treatments include teduglutide and intestinal transplantation.

Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction syndrome

Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction syndrome (CIPO, CIPS) is a rare severe gastrointestinal motility disorder mimicking mechanical bowel obstruction without occlusive lesion, treated with nutrition support, prokinetics, and sometimes transplant.

Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD): gradual, often irreversible kidney damage or reduced filtering (eGFR 30 mg/g for over 3 months). Affects over 35 million U.S. adults and 674 million people worldwide; leading causes are diabetes and hypertension; treated with blood pressure control, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, SGLT2 inhibitors, and dialysis or transplant at kidney failure.

Chronic kidney disease, stage 2

Stage 2 chronic kidney disease is an early stage with mildly reduced kidney function, an eGFR of 60 to 89 plus kidney damage such as albuminuria lasting three months or more.

Chronic kidney disease, stage 4

Stage 4 chronic kidney disease (ICD-11 GB61.4, ICD-10 N18.4): severely reduced kidney function, eGFR 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m² for over 3 months; highest kidney failure risk, complications include anemia, acidosis, bone disorder, hyperkalemia.

Chronic liver disease

Chronic liver disease is ongoing liver inflammation lasting more than 6 months, leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis; major causes include alcohol, fatty liver disease, and viral hepatitis.

Chronic lymphadenitis

Chronic lymphadenitis (ICD-11 BD90.2) is persistent lymph node inflammation from chronic abscesses or granulomatous lesions; subcodes cover cervical, axillary, and inguinal sites, with underlying infection coded first.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, also known as chronic lymphoid leukemia or CLL, is a slow-growing blood cancer in which mature lymphocytes accumulate in blood and bone marrow, usually diagnosed in middle-aged and older adults.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia staging (Rai and Binet systems)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is staged with the Rai (1975) and Binet (1981) systems, which use physical examination and blood counts to sort patients into prognostic groups.

Chronic mastoiditis

Chronic mastoiditis (ICD-11 AB11.1, ICD-10 H70.1) is persistent or recurrent inflammation of the mastoid bone lasting over a month, usually a complication of chronic suppurative otitis media or cholesteatoma, treated with IV antibiotics and mastoidectomy.

Chronic migraine

Chronic migraine, also called CM, is headache on 15+ days/month for over 3 months with migraine features on 8+ days (ICHD-3). Preventives with trial evidence include CGRP antibodies, onabotulinumtoxinA, topiramate, eptinezumab, and atogepant.

Chronic motor tic disorder

Chronic motor tic disorder (ICD-11 8A05.01; DSM-5 persistent/chronic motor or vocal tic disorder, 307.22) is a tic disorder with motor tics lasting at least one year, without vocal tics, distinguishing it from Tourette syndrome.

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC, CMCD) is a primary immunodeficiency causing recurrent or persistent Candida albicans infections of skin, nails, and mucosae, driven by IL-17/Th17 defects, especially STAT1 gain-of-function mutations, treated with suppressive antifungals.

Chronic multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Chronic multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis, formerly Hand–Schüller–Christian disease, is a clonal MAPK-driven myeloid neoplasm with multiple lytic bone lesions, diabetes insipidus, and skin or pituitary involvement, treated with chemotherapy or MAPK inhibitors.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), or chronic granulocytic leukemia, is a slow-growing blood and bone marrow cancer driven by the Philadelphia chromosome, usually treated with oral inhibitors.

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm with persistent monocytosis over 1 × 10^9/L, no BCR::ABL1 fusion, common TET2, SRSF2, ASXL1 mutations, and allogeneic transplant as the only cure.

Chronic myeloproliferative disease, unclassifiable

Chronic myeloproliferative disease, unclassifiable (CMPD-U; MPN-U/MPN-NOS), a rare adult clonal myeloid neoplasm with MPN features lacking criteria for a specific subtype, ICD-10 D47.1, about 5-10% of MPNs.

Chronic myringitis

Chronic myringitis, also called granular myringitis or myringitis granulosa, is persistent inflammation and epithelial loss of the tympanic membrane lasting over one month without middle ear disease, causing painless otorrhea and treated with topical agents, laser, or surgery.

Chronic nasopharyngitis

Chronic nasopharyngitis is a persistent or recurrent inflammation of the nasopharynx, the area behind the nose and above the soft palate, coded J31.1 in ICD-10-CM.

Chronic neuropathic orofacial pain

Chronic neuropathic orofacial pain (ICD-11 MG30.62) is chronic orofacial pain from a peripheral somatosensory lesion, covering trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal neuropathy, and related cranial neuralgias, diagnosed by neuroanatomically plausible pain plus sensory signs.

Chronic neuropathic pain

Chronic neuropathic pain is chronic pain lasting 3 months or longer, caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system, affecting peripheral or central structures.

Chronic neurovisceral acid sphingomyelinase deficiency

Chronic neurovisceral ASMD (Niemann-Pick disease type A/B, ORPHA:618891) is an autosomal recessive SMPD1 lysosomal storage disorder combining hepatosplenomegaly, lung disease, dyslipidemia, and neurologic involvement; olipudase alfa treats non-CNS manifestations.

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare BCR::ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm with mature neutrophilic leukocytosis, splenomegaly, and activating CSF3R mutations, classically T618I, added to WHO diagnostic criteria in 2016.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, is a progressive lung disease causing restricted airflow; third leading cause of death worldwide with 3.4 million deaths in 2023, diagnosed by spirometry FEV1/FVC ≤0.70.

Chronic otitis media

Chronic otitis media (COM, chronic suppurative otitis media, CSOM) is persistent middle ear inflammation with eardrum perforation, discharge, and hearing loss, affecting about 3.8% of people worldwide, mostly in low- and middle-income countries.

Chronic pain

Chronic pain, pain lasting over three months, affects nearly 1 in 5 people worldwide and over 50 million U.S. adults; ICD-11 (2022) classifies it as a disease in its own right.