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Cystocele
Prolapse of anterior vaginal wall, also called cystocele or prolapsed bladder: descent of the bladder and front vaginal wall from pelvic floor weakness. Common after vaginal childbirth; treated with pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, or anterior colporrhaphy.
Cystogastrostomy
Cystogastrostomy is a surgical or endoscopic procedure creating an opening between a pancreatic fluid collection and the stomach so it drains internally, used mainly for pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off necrosis.
Cystography
Cystography is an X-ray imaging method in which the urinary bladder is filled with contrast through a catheter to evaluate anatomy, vesicoureteral reflux, and leaks.
Cystoid macular dystrophy
Cystoid macular dystrophy, also called dominant cystoid macular dystrophy (DCMD), is a rare autosomal dominant retinal disorder in which cystoid macular edema appears in childhood and progresses to macular atrophy with poor vision.
Cystolithotomy
Cystolithotomy, historically called sectio alta, is open surgery in which the bladder is opened, usually through a lower abdominal incision, to remove stones; transurethral cystolitholapaxy is the distinct route used most often today.
Cystometry
Cystometry is an invasive urodynamic test that measures the pressure–volume relationship of the bladder during filling and voiding, recording sensation, compliance, capacity, and detrusor overactivity.
Cystoplasty
Cystoplasty, or augmentation cystoplasty, is surgery that enlarges the urinary bladder with a patch of intestine, usually detubularized ileum, so it stores more urine at lower pressure.
Cystoscopes
A cystoscope is a rigid or flexible tube with a lens and light that is passed through the urethra so a urologist can examine the bladder.
Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy: endoscopic examination of the bladder and urethra via a cystoscope (flexible or rigid) to diagnose hematuria, infections, and bladder cancer, biopsy, or treat tumors and stones; first usable instrument by Nitze in 1877.
Cystotomy
Cystotomy is a surgical incision into the urinary bladder, most often to remove stones; the stone-removal form is called cystolithotomy. Open suprapubic surgery removes large stones completely but needs catheterization and a longer hospital stay.
Cystourethrography
Cystourethrography is a fluoroscopic imaging test in which iodinated contrast is instilled into the bladder to show the bladder and urethra, chiefly to diagnose vesicoureteral reflux in children.
CYT-6091
CYT-6091, also known as Aurimune, is an experimental cancer nanomedicine binding tumor necrosis factor and PEG to 27 nm colloidal gold nanoparticles to target tumors.
Cytapheresis
Cytapheresis is a therapeutic apheresis procedure that selectively removes specific blood cells, such as white cells, platelets, or red cells, while returning the remaining blood to the patient.
Cytarabine
Cytarabine (Ara-C, cytosine arabinoside, Cytosar-U, NSC 63878) is a marine-origin nucleoside analog chemotherapy drug, FDA-approved 1969, that inhibits DNA polymerase as ara-CTP and anchors the 7+3 AML induction regimen.
Cytarabine and daunorubicin regimen
The cytarabine and daunorubicin regimen, known as 7+3, combines seven days of cytarabine with three days of daunorubicin and is standard induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia.
Cytodiagnosis
Cytodiagnosis is the diagnosis of disease by microscopic examination of individual cells, clusters, and tissue fragments from body fluids, scrapings, and fine-needle aspirates, usually confirmed by biopsy.
Cytogenetic analysis
Cytogenetic analysis is a family of laboratory techniques that detect chromosomal abnormalities in cells, used to diagnose genetic disease and blood and solid-tumor cancers, most notably the Philadelphia chromosome in leukemia.
Cytokine release syndrome
Cytokine release syndrome, also known as cytokine shock or hypercytokinemia, is a systemic inflammatory condition caused by a large, rapid release of cytokines into the blood.
Cytomegaloviral hepatitis
Cytomegaloviral hepatitis (ICD-11 1D82.0) is liver inflammation from cytomegalovirus, a latent herpesvirus, occurring mainly in immunocompromised hosts such as liver transplant recipients; diagnosed by biopsy and immunohistochemistry, prevented by antiviral prophylaxis.
Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis
Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis (CHP, Winkelmann cytophagic panniculitis) is a very rare panniculitis first described in 1980, with bean-bag histiocytes infiltrating subcutaneous fat, systemic HLH-like illness, and overlap with subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma.
Cytoprotection
Cytoprotection: protection of cells or tissues from injury by agents acting separately from a drug's main effect. Coined by Robert (1979) for prostaglandin gastric protection; extended to oncology (leucovorin, amifostine, dexrazoxane) and stroke.
Cytoreductive nephrectomy
Cytoreductive nephrectomy is the surgical removal of the kidney bearing a renal tumor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, performed to reduce tumor burden before or alongside systemic therapy rather than to cure.
Cytoreductive surgery
Cytoreductive surgery is an abdominal operation that removes all visible tumor from peritoneal surfaces, usually combined with intraperitoneal chemotherapy, to treat peritoneal spread of abdominal cancers.
D_CareGiver trial
D_CareGiver (NCT02685787), Early Counseling and Support for Alzheimer's Disease Caregivers, an Umbria, Italy multicenter PROBE randomized trial comparing six-session counselor-led psychosocial support plus telephone follow-up against Alzheimer's education for caregivers, primary outcome Zarit Burden Inventory at 6, 12, 24 months; status unknown, no published results.
D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D-2-HGA) is a rare neurometabolic disorder with D-2-HG buildup in body fluids. Type I: recessive D2HGDH mutations; type II: dominant de novo IDH2 gain-of-function mutations, with cardiomyopathy.
D-dimer
D-dimer (fragment D-dimer, fibrin degradation fragment) is a fibrin degradation product measured in blood to rule out deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; standard 500 µg/L cutoff, age-adjusted age×10 cutoff, high sensitivity, low specificity.
D-glyceric aciduria
D-glyceric aciduria (D-glycerate kinase deficiency, D-glyceric acidemia, OMIM 220120) is a rare autosomal recessive GLYCTK-related inborn error of serine and fructose metabolism with highly variable neurological phenotype, first described in 1974.
D,L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
D,L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (combined D-2- and L-2-HGA, OMIM 615182) is a rare autosomal recessive SLC25A1 citrate carrier defect causing severe neonatal epileptic encephalopathy with elevated D- and L-2-hydroxyglutarate, usually lethal early in life.
D. Walter Cohen
D. Walter Cohen (1926–2018) was an American periodontist and dental educator who chaired Penn's Department of Periodontics, served as its dental dean, and later led the Medical College of Pennsylvania.
D1/D2-hybrid medium spiny neuron
D1/D2-hybrid medium spiny neuron, also called D1/D2-SPN or D1/D2-coexpressing MSN, a striatal projection neuron coexpressing dopamine D1 and D2 receptors with dynorphin and enkephalin; proposed third basal ganglia pathway bearing the D1–D2 receptor heteromer, rare but motor-functionally significant.