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Ecarin clotting time
The ecarin clotting time (ECT) is a coagulation assay using ecarin, venom of the saw-scaled viper, to measure direct thrombin inhibitors such as dabigatran and hirudin.
ECC4703
ECC4703 (ECC-4703) is Eccogene's oral, liver-targeting THR-β full agonist in Phase IIa trials for MASH (MOSAIC, with ECC0509) and as a semaglutide adjunct for obesity (MIST); IND approved 2022.
ECC5004 / AZD5004 (oral GLP-1 receptor agonist)
ECC5004/AZD5004 (elecoglipron) is an oral, once-daily small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist discovered by Eccogene and licensed to AstraZeneca in 2023 for $185 million upfront, in Phase 3 development for type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Eccentric training
Eccentric training is a resistance training method in which muscles actively lengthen under load, building strength and muscle and rehabilitating tendon injuries such as Achilles tendinopathy.
Eccentric viewing
Eccentric viewing, also called eccentric fixation, is a low vision rehabilitation technique in which people with central vision loss learn to use undamaged paracentral retina instead of the fovea.
Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma
Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma (EAH), or eccrine angiomatous nevus, is a rare benign skin hamartoma of eccrine glands and capillary channels, usually on children's limbs, causing pain and localized sweating; excision is usually curative.
Echo-planar imaging
Echo-planar imaging (EPI) is a fast MRI pulse sequence, proposed by Peter Mansfield in 1977, that acquires images in tens of milliseconds and underlies fMRI and diffusion imaging.
Echocardiography
Echocardiography, also known as cardiac ultrasound, is a non-invasive test using ultrasound waves to image the heart, developed by Inge Edler and Carl Hertz in Sweden in 1953.
Echoencephalography
Echoencephalography: A-mode ultrasound technique, introduced by Lars Leksell (1953-1956), measuring midline brain echoes, especially the pineal, to detect shift from intracranial masses; superseded by CT.
Echogenic intracardiac focus
Echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF): a small bright spot under 6 mm in a fetal cardiac ventricle on second-trimester ultrasound, a soft marker for trisomy 21 found in 3–5% of normal fetuses, managed as a normal variant after negative screening.
Echolalia
Echolalia, the immediate or delayed repetition of others' speech, is common in autism (estimates 25–91%), appears in typical early language development, and occurs in aphasia, Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia, and other conditions; increasingly viewed as communicative.
ECHOPP study
ECHOPP (NCT04348734), Management of Parapneumonic Pleurisy Guided by an Early Pleural Ultrasound: completed French prospective multicentre observational cohort of 115 adults with pneumonia, testing daily pleural ultrasound for 96 hours with an algorithm-guided drainage strategy.
Echothiophate
Echothiophate iodide (Phospholine Iodide), an irreversible organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor eye drop, lowers intraocular pressure in open-angle and aphakic glaucoma and treats accommodative esotropia; long-acting, scarce supply.
Eclampsia
Eclampsia in pregnancy: new-onset unexplained seizures in a woman with pre-eclampsia, occurring before, during, or after delivery. Treated with magnesium sulfate plus antihypertensives; prevented by low-dose aspirin and calcium.
Eclampsia in the puerperium
Eclampsia in the puerperium (postpartum eclampsia, ICD-11 JA25.2): grand mal seizures from hypertensive disorder of pregnancy after delivery, up to 6 weeks postpartum; treated with magnesium sulfate; 21-40% of eclampsia cases.
ECLIPSE study
ECLIPSE (Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate End-points) was a GlaxoSmithKline-funded, 3-year observational cohort study (NCT00292552) of 2,164 COPD patients plus controls, which established COPD heterogeneity, the frequent exacerbator phenotype, biomarkers, and 8-year mortality markers.
ECMO trial
ECMO trial NCT04678518 (MRC-01-20-155), a Hamad Medical Corporation study measuring IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF before and after ECMO decannulation; found cytokines largely unchanged despite post-decannulation SIRS.
Ecnoglutide
Ecnoglutide (XW003/XW004) is a once-weekly cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist from Sciwind Biosciences, first approved in China in January 2026 for type 2 diabetes, with obesity trials and an oral formulation in development.
Ecofosbuvir tablets (艾考磷布韦)
Ecofosbuvir tablets (艾考磷布韦, Encofosbuvir Tablets), formerly yiqibuvir, are HEC Sunshine Pharma's class 1 HCV NS5B nucleoside inhibitor prodrug of sofosbuvir, NMPA-approved March 2025 with netanasvir phosphate for genotype 1, 2, 3, 6 chronic hepatitis C.
Ecological study
An ecological study is an observational epidemiological design in which exposures or outcomes are measured and compared for populations or groups rather than individuals, cheaply using existing data.
Ecraprost
Ecraprost (code AS 013, brand name Circulase) is a lipid microsphere prodrug of prostaglandin E1, given intravenously as lipo-ecraprost and investigated as a vasodilator for peripheral arterial disease.
Ecstatic seizures
Ecstatic seizures are rare focal epilepsy auras of bliss, physical well-being, and heightened self-awareness with preserved consciousness. About 50-52 cases reported; linked to the dorsal anterior insula; first described by Dostoevsky.
Ectasia of the left atrial appendage
Ectasia of the left atrial appendage, also known as left atrial appendage aneurysm, is a rare cardiac malformation enlarging the left auricle, usually without other cardiac lesions.
Ecthyma
Ecthyma (ICD-11 1B73) is a superficial ulcerative bacterial pyoderma with punched-out crusted ulcers, caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus; ecthyma gangrenosum is its Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis variant.
Ecthyma gangrenosum
Ecthyma gangrenosum, a necrotizing skin infection with hemorrhagic pustules evolving into black eschars, classically marks Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in immunocompromised, neutropenic patients, though other bacteria and fungi can cause identical lesions.
Ectodermal dysplasia
Ectodermal dysplasia (ED), also called anhidrotic or hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome: a group of 180+ inherited disorders of ectoderm-derived tissues (hair, teeth, nails, sweat glands), affecting about 1 in 5,000-10,000 people; HED from EDA gene mutations is the most common type.
Ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome
Ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome (McGrath syndrome, EBS due to plakophilin deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive PKP1 genodermatosis with neonatal skin fragility, palmoplantar keratoderma, nail dystrophy, alopecia, and no cardiac involvement.
Ectopia cordis
Ectopia cordis, or ectopic heart, is a rare congenital defect in which the heart lies partly or wholly outside the thorax through an anterior chest wall defect; prevalence 5.5–7.9 per million births, often with pentalogy of Cantrell, survival about 10%.
Ectopic anus
Ectopic anus (anal ectopia, misplaced anus), ICD-11 LB17.1: congenital abnormal displacement of the anus, usually anterior, causing constipation; female-predominant, treated by anoplasty, distinct from perineal fistula.
Ectopic or pelvic kidney
An ectopic kidney, including the pelvic kidney, is a congenitally displaced kidney caused by failed upward migration during fetal development, affecting roughly 1 in 1,000 people.