Human health and medicine

Extracorporeal anastomosis

Extracorporeal anastomosis is a surgical technique in which two segments of intestine are joined outside the body during laparoscopic or robotic surgery, most often after removal of part of the colon.

Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal

Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) is a critical care technique that removes carbon dioxide from blood via a membrane, easing ventilation in severe ARDS and COPD.

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is a resuscitation technique that starts VA-ECMO during cardiac arrest unresponsive to conventional CPR, buying time to diagnose and treat the cause of the arrest.

Extracorporeal Circulation

Extracorporeal circulation (ECC), or cardiopulmonary bypass, diverts blood through an external circuit with a pump and oxygenator to replace heart and lung function, enabling open-heart surgery since Gibbon's 1953 operation and extended support as ECMO.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), also called extracorporeal life support (ECLS), is prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass via VV or VA circuits for severe ARDS, cardiogenic shock, or refractory arrest; adult survival to discharge ranges from 30% to 57% by indication.

Extracorporeal photopheresis

Extracorporeal photopheresis, also called photopheresis, is an immunomodulatory therapy in which white blood cells are treated with a drug and UVA light outside the body, then reinfused.

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a noninvasive treatment that delivers acoustic shock waves into injured musculoskeletal tissue, developed from kidney stone lithotripsy and used for plantar fasciopathy, tendinopathies, and nonunions.

Extracutaneous mastocytoma

Extracutaneous mastocytoma (ORPHA:66662, ICD-10 C96.2) is an extremely rare benign, unifocal tumor of mature mast cells in organs other than skin, most often the lung; fewer than 10 well-documented cases exist and it was dropped from the WHO classification in 2017.

Extrafusal muscle fiber

Extrafusal muscle fibers are the ordinary force-generating skeletal muscle fibers outside the muscle spindles, innervated by alpha motor neurons in motor units, arranged in parallel with intrafusal spindle fibers, and typed I, IIa, IIb, IIx.

Extragonadal germinoma

Extragonadal germinoma (ORPHA:182127), also called extragonadal seminoma, is a rare malignant germ cell tumor of midline sites such as mediastinum, retroperitoneum, and pineal region, arising from abnormally migrated germ cells, mainly in young males, treated with radiation and cisplatin chemotherapy.

Extragonadal teratoma

Extragonadal teratoma (ORPHA:883) is a rare germ cell tumor arising outside the gonads, mainly in midline sites such as mediastinum, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcyx; mature forms are benign, immature forms aggressive in adults.

Extramammary Paget disease

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD), also called extramammary Paget's disease, is a rare intraepithelial adenocarcinoma of apocrine-rich anogenital skin, first described by Crocker in 1889, treated surgically with lower recurrence after Mohs surgery.

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

Extramedullary hematopoiesis is the production of blood cells outside the bone marrow, mainly in the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes, often compensating for marrow failure.

Extramural venous invasion assessment

Extramural venous invasion (EMVI) assessment is the pathological and MRI evaluation of colorectal cancer for tumor cells in veins beyond the bowel wall, used for staging and prognosis.

Extraneural perineurioma

Extraneural perineurioma, or soft tissue perineurioma (ORPHA:100002), is a rare benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor of perineurial cells, EMA-positive and S100-negative, arising in subcutis of extremities or trunk, cured by excision.

Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type

Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL): an aggressive EBV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma of cytotoxic NK or T cells, mostly nasal, common in East Asia and Latin America, treated with asparaginase-based chemoradiation.

Extraocular muscles

Extraocular muscles: the seven muscles per orbit (four rectus, two oblique, levator palpebrae superioris) that move the eye and lift the eyelid, innervated by cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, organized in global and orbital layers with connective tissue pulleys.

Extraoral Traction Appliances

Extraoral traction appliances are orthodontic devices, including headgear, face bows, and chincaps, that apply force from outside the mouth to move teeth or modify jaw growth.

Extraosseous plasmacytoma

Extraosseous (extramedullary) plasmacytoma, EMP, is a solitary tumor of clonal plasma cells in soft tissue outside bone marrow, mostly head and neck, treated with radiotherapy, distinct from extramedullary myeloma.

Extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair

Extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair is a surgical technique that places mesh in the preperitoneal groin space without opening the peritoneal cavity, including the laparoscopic TEP repair.

Extrapleural pneumonectomy

Extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) is a thoracic operation removing the pleura, one lung, pericardium, and hemidiaphragm en bloc, performed mainly for malignant pleural mesothelioma and carrying higher operative risk than lung-sparing pleurectomy.

Extrapyramidal symptoms

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) are drug-induced movement disorders from dopamine D2-blocking antipsychotics: acute dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia, managed by dose reduction, anticholinergics, or VMAT2 inhibitors.

Extrapyramidal system

Extrapyramidal system: historical grouping of basal ganglia, substantia nigra, red nucleus, subthalamic nucleus and descending tracts outside the corticospinal tract; criticized as obsolete, tied to antipsychotic EPS, VMAT2 inhibitor treatments.

Extrarenal uraemia

Extrarenal uraemia (extrarenal uremia, ICD-10 R39.2, ICD-11 MF53) is elevated blood urea without intrinsic kidney disease, from prerenal low blood flow or increased urea production such as GI bleeding, sepsis, or high-protein catabolism.

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC), also called NR4A3-rearranged myxoid sarcoma, is a rare slow-growing soft tissue sarcoma of the deep thigh and limb girdles, defined by pathognomonic NR4A3 gene fusions, most often EWSR1::NR4A3.

Extravasation of urine

Extravasation of urine (urine leak, ICD-11 MF50.5) is leakage of urine outside the urinary tract from calyx to urethra, caused by trauma, iatrogenic injury, or obstruction; diagnosed by delayed-phase CT and often managed by observation or ureteral stenting.

Extraventricular neurocytoma

Extraventricular neurocytoma (EVN), a rare WHO grade 2 neuronal brain tumor arising outside the ventricles, distinct from central neurocytoma; treated by gross total resection, marked by FGFR1-TACC1 fusion, with 5-year survival about 90%.

Extremity arthroplasty

Extremity arthroplasty is the surgical replacement of a damaged arm or leg joint, including the hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow, and wrist, with an artificial prosthesis.

Extubation

Extubation, also called endotracheal extubation, is the removal of an endotracheal tube from the airway, the final step in liberating a patient from mechanical ventilation.