25,729 articles
FOURIER trial
FOURIER (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk) trial: 2017 Amgen-funded randomized trial of evolocumab in 27,564 ASCVD patients; LDL-C fell 59%, primary cardiovascular endpoint reduced 15% (HR 0.85), no significant mortality reduction.
Fournier gangrene
Fournier gangrene, a polymicrobial necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum and genitals described by Jean Alfred Fournier in 1883; treated with urgent debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics, mortality about 20%, predicted by FGSI and UFGSI scores.
Fourth branchial cleft anomaly
A fourth branchial cleft anomaly, also called a fourth branchial pouch sinus, is a rare congenital neck malformation causing recurrent left-sided neck infections in children.
Fourth nerve palsy
Fourth nerve palsy, also called trochlear nerve palsy, is weakness of the cranial nerve supplying the superior oblique muscle, causing vertical double vision worse when looking down.
Foveal hypoplasia-optic nerve decussation defect-anterior segment dysgenesis syndrome
FHONDA syndrome (foveal hypoplasia-optic nerve decussation defect-anterior segment dysgenesis) is a rare autosomal recessive eye disease caused by SLC38A8 mutations, with nystagmus, chiasmal misrouting, and severe foveal hypoplasia but no albinism-related hypopigmentation.
Fovinaciclib citrate capsules
Fovinaciclib citrate capsules (枸橼酸伏维西利胶囊, Futuoning) are a Chinese class 1 oral CDK4/6 inhibitor by Jinzhou Ahon/Fosun, NMPA-approved May 2025 with fulvestrant or aromatase inhibitors for HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer.
Fowl pox
Fowl pox (fowlpox) is a worldwide, slow-spreading viral disease of chickens and turkeys caused by fowlpox virus, genus Avipoxvirus, with cutaneous and diphtheritic forms, mosquito and wound transmission, and control by live or pigeonpox vaccines.
Fowler urethral sphincter dysfunction syndrome
Fowler urethral sphincter dysfunction syndrome, also known as Fowler-Christmas-Chapple syndrome, is a rare disorder of young women causing painless urinary retention over 1 liter with loss of bladder sensation.
Fowler's position
Fowler's position: semi-upright bed position with head elevated 45–60 degrees (semi-Fowler 30–45, high Fowler 60–90), used to ease breathing, aid eating, and reduce aspiration and ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Fox Chase Cancer Center
Fox Chase Cancer Center: NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center in Philadelphia, formed 1974 from the American Oncologic Hospital (1904) and Institute for Cancer Research; home of the Philadelphia chromosome discovery, two Nobel Prizes, and part of Temple University Health System since 2012.
FOXG1 syndrome
FOXG1 syndrome, also called FOXG1-related encephalopathy or congenital variant of Rett syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder caused by FOXG1 variants or 14q12 deletions, causing microcephaly, severe intellectual disability, dyskinesia, epilepsy, and absent speech.
FOXP1 Syndrome
FOXP1 syndrome is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations or deletions disrupting the FOXP1 gene, marked by intellectual disability, speech and language impairment, and autism.
FPP3 study
FPP3 (Nutritional Regulation of Wound Inflammation: Part III, NCT02332993) is a completed Ohio State University observational cohort study of fermented papaya preparation (ImmunAge) supplementation, 3 g three times daily for 12 weeks, in type 2 diabetics with wounds on negative pressure therapy, reporting improved wound closure and wound-cell NADPH oxidase activity.
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide testing
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) testing is a noninvasive breath test measuring eosinophilic airway inflammation in parts per billion at a standardized flow, used to support asthma diagnosis and guide corticosteroid therapy.
Fractional flow reserve
Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is an invasive coronary physiology index, the distal-to-aortic pressure ratio during maximal hyperemia, with FFR ≤0.80 guiding revascularization of intermediate stenoses; introduced by Pijls and De Bruyne in the early 1990s and validated by DEFER, FAME, and FAME 2 trials.
Fractional laser treatment
Fractional laser treatment is a dermatologic laser procedure that creates microscopic thermal injury zones in the skin, sparing surrounding tissue, to stimulate collagen remodeling for scars, wrinkles, and pigmentation.
Fractionated radiotherapy
Fractionated radiotherapy is a cancer treatment in which the total radiation dose is divided into smaller daily doses over weeks, allowing normal cells to repair.
Fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy
Fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy (FSRT) is a radiation oncology technique delivering precisely targeted, image-guided radiation to tumors over multiple sessions, usually intracranial, with a maximum of 12 fractions.
Fracture epidemiology and prevention
Fracture epidemiology and prevention is the population-level study of how often fractures occur and who sustains them, plus strategies like fall reduction, exercise, and osteoporosis treatment that lower rates.
Fracture of angle of mandible
Fracture of angle of mandible: break at the jaw's angle, the most common mandibular fracture site. Caused by assaults and motor vehicle collisions; highest complication rate of mandibular fractures; treated by miniplate or reconstruction plate fixation.
Fracture of calcaneus
Fracture of calcaneus (heel bone), also called lover's or Don Juan fracture: 1-2% of all fractures, ~75% intra-articular, from axial load falls; surgery aids work return and shoe fit but raises complications.
Fracture of clavicle
Fracture of clavicle (collarbone fracture), ICD-11 NC12.0: a common shoulder girdle injury, 80% midshaft, treated with sling or plate fixation; surgery favored for displaced adult midshaft fractures.
Fracture of coccyx
Fracture of coccyx (tailbone fracture), ICD-11 NB52.11, ICD-10 S32.2: break in the 3-5 fused vertebrae at the spine's base, usually from a backward fall or childbirth; diagnosed clinically, treated conservatively in about 90% of cases, with coccygectomy reserved for refractory pain.
Fracture of cuboid bone
Fracture of the cuboid bone, a rare midfoot injury (about 1.8 per 100,000 annually in the UK), often with Lisfranc or Chopart injuries; nutcracker compression mechanism; surgery if step-off over 1 mm or lateral column shortening over 3 mm.
Fracture of femur
Fracture of femur (broken thigh bone, ICD-11 NC72): break in the femur from hip to knee, classified by site (neck, shaft, distal). Usually needs surgery; children treated by age-based algorithms.
Fracture of fibula
Fracture of fibula (broken calf bone; ICD-11 NC92.4, ICD-10 S82.4). Usually occurs with tibia or ankle fractures; isolated cases rarely need surgery and heal in 6-8 weeks; Weber A-C classify distal fractures.
Fracture of forearm
Fracture of forearm (ICD-11 NC32): break of the radius, ulna, or both. Common in children (74% of upper-limb immature injuries); adults usually need plate fixation, children casting; nonunion in 2–10%.
Fracture of great toe
A fracture of the great toe is a break of a phalanx bone of the hallux, usually from a direct blow, and normally heals without surgery.
Fracture of greater tuberosity of humerus
Fracture of the greater tuberosity of the humerus, a proximal humerus fracture (isolated up to 14–20% of cases, up to 57% of anterior dislocations); surgery usually for displacement over 5 mm, 3 mm in athletes.
Fracture of head of femur
A fracture of the head of the femur is a break in the ball-shaped upper end of the thigh bone, usually with a dislocated hip after high-energy trauma.