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Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN, Weisenberg syndrome) is a rare cranial neuralgia causing brief, severe unilateral pain in the tongue, throat, ear, and tonsils, usually over age 50, treated with carbamazepine or microvascular decompression.
Glossophobia
Glossophobia, or speech anxiety, is the fear of public speaking, from Greek glossa (tongue) and phobo (fear). Affects 21–33% of community samples, usually begins in adolescence, and is treated with exposure-based CBT, beta-blockers, or VR exposure therapy.
GLP-1-CAN trial
GLP-1-CAN (NCT07558863) is a Phase 4 randomized open-label trial at Nanjing Medical University testing semaglutide or PEG loxenatide versus standard care in 60 adults with type 2 diabetes, with heart rate variability as primary outcome.
Glucagon
Glucagon: 29-amino-acid pancreatic α-cell peptide hormone raising blood glucose via hepatic GCGR glycogenolysis; rescue drug for severe hypoglycemia (1 mg injectable, 3 mg nasal, dasiglucagon) and target of GLP-1 co-agonists like survodutide.
Glucagon-like peptide-1
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin gut hormone from intestinal L-cells that boosts insulin, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and curbs appetite; DPP4 gives it a 1–2 minute half-life, spawning agonist drugs like exenatide, liraglutide, and semaglutide.
Glucagonoma
Glucagonoma is a rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor of the alpha cells that overproduces glucagon, causing necrolytic migratory erythema, diabetes, weight loss, and anemia; surgery is the only cure.
Glucocorticoid therapy
Glucocorticoid therapy is treatment with synthetic analogs of cortisol, used to suppress inflammation and immune activity in inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic diseases or to replace cortisol in adrenal insufficiency.
Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension
Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension is blood pressure elevation caused by excess glucocorticoid hormones, from corticosteroid therapy or cortisol overproduction in Cushing's syndrome, affecting up to 85% of Cushing patients.
Glucolight trial
Glucolight (Babyglucolight, NCT04347590) is a Padua randomized trial testing continuous glucose monitoring with a PID algorithm against blinded CGM in preterm infants ≤32 weeks, measuring hemodynamically significant hypoglycemia via diffuse optical tomography.
Glucomannan
Glucomannan (konjac glucomannan, KGM, E425) is a highly viscous soluble fiber from Amorphophallus konjac, used for cholesterol, weight, and constipation; requires water to avoid obstruction.
Glucose clamp technique
The glucose clamp technique, or euglycemic clamp, is a method that holds blood glucose constant to measure insulin sensitivity, introduced by DeFronzo and colleagues in 1979.
Glucose syrup
Glucose syrup, also called corn syrup when made from cornstarch, is a purified concentrated aqueous solution of dextrose, maltose, and dextrins from partial starch hydrolysis, graded by dextrose equivalent and used to sweeten and prevent sugar crystallization.
Glucose test
Glucose test: measurement of glucose in blood or urine to screen for, diagnose, and monitor diabetes. Includes FPG, OGTT, A1C, random glucose, and gestational screening at 24–28 weeks with defined thresholds.
Glucose testing
Glucose testing is the clinical measurement of glucose concentration in blood or other body fluids, used to screen for, diagnose, and monitor diabetes and other disorders of glucose metabolism.
Glucose tolerance test
Glucose tolerance test (OGTT): diagnostic test measuring blood glucose before and after a 75-g glucose drink; 2-h values of 140–199 mg/dL indicate prediabetes, ≥200 mg/dL diabetes; also used for gestational diabetes screening.
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI, phosphoglucose isomerase), enzyme catalyzing glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis; GPI gene 19q13.1; autosomal recessive GPI deficiency causes chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, ~100 cases reported.
Glucose-galactose malabsorption
Glucose-galactose malabsorption (GGM, congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption, SGLT1 deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by SLC5A1 mutations, causing life-threatening neonatal watery diarrhea treated with a glucose-, galactose-, and lactose-free diet.
Glucose-responsive microneedle insulin patch
A glucose-responsive microneedle insulin patch, or smart insulin patch, is a transdermal device whose micron-scale needles release insulin at a rate that adjusts automatically to glucose concentration.
Glufosfamide
Glufosfamide (beta-D-glucosyl-isophosphoramide mustard, D19575) is an investigational glucose-conjugated alkylating prodrug of ifosfamide mustard, cleaved by intracellular glucosidases; tested through phase III mainly in pancreatic cancer without approval.
Glumetinib
Glumetinib (谷美替尼, gumarontinib, SCC244, brand Haiyitan) is a selective type Ib MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved in China (2023) and Japan (2024) for MET exon 14 skipping-mutant advanced NSCLC, dosed 300 mg once daily, with GLORY phase II ORR 66%.
Glutamate receptor
Glutamate receptor (GluR), ionotropic (AMPA, kainate, NMDA, GluD) and metabotropic families, receptors for glutamate, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter; 18 iGluR genes, tetrameric channels, central to synaptic plasticity and neuropsychiatric disease.
Glutamate-cysteine ligase deficiency
Glutamate-cysteine ligase deficiency (gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency, OMIM 230450) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive glutathione-synthesis disorder causing hemolytic anemia, sometimes with neuropathy, myopathy, or spinocerebellar degeneration.
Glutaric acidemia type 3
Glutaric acidemia type 3 (GA3, OMIM 231690), an autosomal recessive SUGCT (C7orf10) deficiency causing isolated urinary glutaric acid elevation with no consistent clinical phenotype, considered a probable non-disease.
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, also called glutaric acidemia type 1 or glutaric aciduria type 1, is an autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder impairing lysine and tryptophan breakdown, affecting about 1 in 100,000 newborns worldwide.
Glutathione synthetase deficiency
Glutathione synthetase deficiency, also called 5-oxoprolinuria or pyroglutamic aciduria, is a rare autosomal recessive GSS-gene metabolic disorder causing low glutathione, hemolytic anemia, metabolic acidosis, and neurological damage, treated with bicarbonate and vitamins C and E.
Glutazumab (格鲁塔珠单抗)
Glutazumab (格鲁塔珠单抗, GMA102/GMA105) is Gmax Biopharm's long-acting GLP-1/anti-GLP-1R antibody fusion protein agonist, in phase III in China for type 2 diabetes and in earlier trials for obesity.
Gluteal muscles
The gluteal muscles, or glutei, are a group of four muscles in the buttock that act on the hip joint to extend, abduct, and stabilize the thigh.
Gluten-free diet
Gluten-free diet: exclusion of gluten proteins from wheat, rye, barley, and crossbreeds. Essential lifelong treatment for celiac disease (about 1% of people) and wheat allergy; FDA limits gluten-free labels to under 20 ppm gluten; no proven benefit for the general population.
GLUTEN-GEN study
GLUTEN-GEN (NL-OMON53370) is a Dutch LUMC/ZonMw health services study adding finger-prick HLA-DQ2/8 typing from dried blood spots to celiac case finding at Youth Health Care Centres in Kennemerland, following GLUTENSCREEN; enrollment 508, recruitment stopped.
Gluten-related disorders
Gluten-related disorders: celiac disease, non-celiac gluten (wheat) sensitivity, and wheat allergy, conditions triggered by gluten in wheat, rye, and barley; celiac disease affects about 1% of people and requires a lifelong gluten-free diet.