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Gonadotropin deficiency
Gonadotropin deficiency (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, ICD-11 5A61.2): deficient pituitary LH and FSH, or hypothalamic GnRH, causing hypogonadism; congenital (Kallmann syndrome) or acquired forms, treatable with hormone or gonadotropin therapy.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist
GnRH agonists (leuprolide, goserelin, triptorelin, buserelin, nafarelin, histrelin) are D-amino-acid-substituted GnRH decapeptide analogs that flare then suppress pituitary gonadotropins, used for prostate cancer, endometriosis, fibroids, and precocious puberty.
Goniometry
Goniometry is the clinical measurement of joint range of motion in degrees, performed by aligning a goniometer with the two body segments meeting at a joint.
Gonioscopy
Gonioscopy is a slit-lamp eye examination in which a contact lens lets the examiner see the anterior chamber angle, the drainage structures central to diagnosing glaucoma.
Goniotomy
Goniotomy is an eye surgery that incises the trabecular meshwork from inside the anterior chamber to improve drainage and lower intraocular pressure, used mainly for primary congenital glaucoma and other open-angle glaucomas.
Gonococcal arthritis
Gonococcal arthritis is joint inflammation caused when Neisseria gonorrhoeae spreads from gonorrhea to the joints, most often in young women; treated with ceftriaxone, over 95% recover full joint function.
Gonococcal conjunctivitis
Gonococcal infection of eye (ICD-11 1A72.4) is Neisseria gonorrhoeae conjunctivitis, seen as gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns and as purulent conjunctivitis in adults, treated with ceftriaxone and prevented by newborn ocular prophylaxis.
Gonococcal infection of anus
Gonococcal infection of the anus (rectal gonorrhea), anorectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection acquired by receptive anal contact, mostly asymptomatic; diagnosed by rectal NAAT, treated with single-dose ceftriaxone 500 mg IM plus doxycycline when chlamydia is not excluded.
Gonococcal infection of other sites
Gonococcal infection of other sites (ICD-11 1A72): Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection of the pharynx, rectum, conjunctiva, or disseminated sites; asymptomatic, NAAT-diagnosed, treated with ceftriaxone 500 mg, and a key antimicrobial-resistance reservoir.
Gonococcal pharyngitis
Gonococcal pharyngitis (ICD-11 1A72.3) is Neisseria gonorrhoeae throat infection from oral sex, usually asymptomatic, treated with ceftriaxone 500 mg IM, and hard to eradicate.
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea, a common sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (the gonococcus), with about 82 million annual cases, ceftriaxone as first-line therapy, and rising multidrug resistance including super gonorrhoea.
Goodpasture syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome (anti-GBM disease): autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis caused by IgG against the α3 chain of type IV collagen, causing rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and lung haemorrhage; treated with plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide, and corticosteroids.
Goose bumps
Goose bumps, or piloerection (cutis anserine, horripilation), are skin bumps from arrector pili muscle contraction under sympathetic control, triggered by cold, fear, and emotional chills; largely vestigial in humans but linked to hair follicle stem cells.
Gordon syndrome
Gordon syndrome names two unrelated rare genetic disorders: distal arthrogryposis type 3, causing fixed bent fingers and clubfoot from birth, and a kidney disorder causing hypertension and high potassium.
Gorham-Stout disease
Gorham-Stout disease (GSD), or vanishing bone disease, is a rare complex lymphatic malformation causing progressive osteolysis via lymphatic proliferation in bone; roughly 400 cases documented, mostly children, treated with surgery, bisphosphonates, sirolimus, and radiotherapy.
Gorlin syndrome
Gorlin syndrome (Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, NBCCS), an autosomal dominant PTCH1/SUFU cancer predisposition disorder with basal cell carcinomas, jaw keratocysts, palmar pits, falx calcification, and medulloblastoma risk.
Gorocanadi Vati
Gorocanadi Vati (Gorochanadi Gulika), a classical Ayurvedic herbo-mineral tablet of about 46 ingredients led by gorochana (cattle bile), from Vaidyayogaratanavali; used for fever, cough, and respiratory conditions, widely in Kerala.
Goserelin
Goserelin (ZOLADEX) is a GnRH agonist subcutaneous implant, launched in the UK in 1987 and US-approved 1989, that suppresses testosterone and estrogen to treat prostate cancer, endometriosis, breast cancer, and fibroids preoperatively.
Gosogliptin
Gosogliptin (PF-00734200) is a potent, selective difluoropyrrolidine DPP-4 inhibitor developed by Pfizer for type 2 diabetes, licensed to SatRx and registered in Russia in 2016.
Gotistobart
Gotistobart (ONC-392, BNT316) is a humanized pH-sensitive anti-CTLA-4 IgG1 monoclonal antibody from OncoC4 and BioNTech, in Phase 3 (PRESERVE-003) for squamous NSCLC, with median OS 18.5 vs 10.0 months versus docetaxel.
Gout
Gout: inflammatory arthritis from monosodium urate crystal deposition due to hyperuricemia; flares of severe joint pain (often the big toe), tophi, treated with colchicine, NSAIDs, and urate-lowering drugs like allopurinol.
Governing Board
Governing board (also governing body): the group holding legal authority over a health care institution, responsible for strategy, oversight of management, quality of care, and compliance, assessed through board self-assessment and benchmarking.
Government cheese
Government cheese: USDA-purchased American cheese distributed to low-income Americans, iconic 1980s 5-pound blocks from dairy price support surpluses; TEFAP distribution, 2014 Farm Act repeal, 2016 $20 million buyback.
Government General Hospital
Government General Hospital (Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital), Chennai: public teaching hospital founded 16 November 1664 for East India Company soldiers, attached to Madras Medical College since 1835, treating about 12,000 patients daily.
Government Regulation
Government regulation is the exercise of governmental authority to control conduct, covering the rules governments issue, the agencies that enforce them, and the procedures that hold both to account.
Govorestat
Govorestat (AT-007), also known as Nugalviq in Europe, is an investigational CNS-penetrant aldose reductase inhibitor by Applied Therapeutics for galactosemia, SORD deficiency, and PMM2-CDG; FDA CRL November 2024, EU application withdrawn, studies halted April 2026.
Gozetotide
Gozetotide (PSMA-11) is a peptide radioactive diagnostic agent labeled with gallium-68 for PET imaging of PSMA-positive prostate cancer lesions; sold as Illuccix, Locametz, and GOZELLIX, and used to select patients for Pluvicto radioligand therapy.
GpR2 study
GpR2 (Gastroparesis Registry 2, NCT01696747) was an NIDDK Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium observational cohort of 506 adults with diabetic, idiopathic, or post-Nissen gastroparesis, enrolled 2012-2018 with biospecimen banking and data now in the NIDDK Central Repository.
GQ1010 (TROP2 ADC)
GQ1010 (GQ-1010; PBI-410, BHV-1510) is a next-generation TROP2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate by GeneQuantum Healthcare using iLDC conjugation, an open-ring linker, and TopoIx camptothecin payload; licensed ex-Greater China to Pyramid Biosciences in 2023 for up to $1 billion, now in phase I/II trials.
GR1803
GR1803 (velinotamig, weliteitumab, 维可妥) is a BCMA×CD3 bispecific T-cell engager by Chongqing Genrix Biopharmaceutical, conditionally NMPA-approved August 2026 for heavily pretreated relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, licensed to Fosun's Yaoyou and Cullinan Therapeutics.