25,729 articles
Immediate implant placement
Immediate implant placement is a dental procedure in which an implant is inserted into the fresh extraction socket on the same day as tooth removal.
Immune Adherence Reaction
Immune adherence reaction: antibody- and complement-dependent binding of C3b-coated antigen to C3b receptor cells (CR1, CD35), mainly primate erythrocytes; basis of the IAHA serology test.
Immune checkpoint blockade
Immune checkpoint blockade, also called immune checkpoint therapy, is a cancer immunotherapy that uses monoclonal antibodies to block CTLA-4 or PD-1, reactivating suppressed antitumor T cells.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a cancer treatment using antibodies that block CTLA-4, PD-1, or PD-L1, releasing anti-tumor immune activity; ipilimumab was first approved in 2011.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myositis
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myositis (irAE-myositis) is a rare, potentially fatal immune-related adverse event of PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 cancer immunotherapy, incidence about 0.3–1%, often overlapping with myocarditis and myasthenia gravis.
Immune complex small vessel vasculitis
Immune complex small vessel vasculitis (ICD-11 4A44.9) is the CHCC 2012 category of small-vessel vasculitis with immunoglobulin and complement deposits, covering anti-GBM disease, cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, IgA vasculitis, and hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, distinct from pauci-immune ANCA-associated vasculitis.
Immune dysregulation-inflammatory bowel disease- recurrent sinopulmonary infections syndrome
Immune dysregulation-inflammatory bowel disease-recurrent sinopulmonary infections syndrome, or NFAT5 haploinsufficiency (ORPHA:529980), is a rare immune disease combining recurrent sinopulmonary infections, autoimmune enterocolopathy, eczematous rashes, IgG subclass deficiency, and low NK cells.
Immune dysregulation-polyendocrinopathy-enteropathy-X-linked syndrome
Immune dysregulation-polyendocrinopathy-enteropathy-X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive immune disease affecting boys, caused by FOXP3 mutations, marked from infancy by severe diarrhea, type 1 diabetes, and eczematous skin disease.
Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome
Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) is a potentially life-threatening neurological side effect, most common after CAR T-cell therapy, causing aphasia, confusion, seizures, and cerebral edema treated with corticosteroids.
Immune infiltration analysis
Immune infiltration analysis is a bioinformatic method that computationally estimates immune cell types and their proportions in bulk tumor samples from gene expression data, used in cancer and immunotherapy research.
Immune Reconstitution
Immune reconstitution: recovery of immune function, especially T cells, after HIV, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation; includes incomplete CD4 recovery, IRIS, and transplant monitoring.
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), or immune restoration disease, is a paradoxical inflammatory worsening or unmasking of opportunistic infections after antiretroviral therapy, affecting about 13% of ART starters, mostly with low CD4 counts.
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), now immune thrombocytopenia, is an autoimmune bleeding disorder with low platelets from antibody- and T cell-mediated destruction. Treated with corticosteroids, IVIg, TPO-RAs, rituximab, and newer kinase inhibitors.
Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy
Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM, necrotizing autoimmune myositis) is a rare autoimmune myopathy with severe proximal weakness, very high creatine kinase, and anti-HMGCR or anti-SRP antibodies; treated with steroids, IVIG, and rituximab.
Immune-mediated scleritis
Immune-mediated scleritis (ORPHA:648681, ICD-10 H15.0) is a rare, severe scleral inflammation linked to systemic autoimmune disease, most often rheumatoid arthritis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis, typically granulomatous or necrotizing and treated with NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressives.
Immunization
Immunization is the process of making a person resistant to disease, typically by vaccine, and is among the safest public health measures, averting an estimated 4.4 million deaths yearly.
Immunization Programs
Immunization programs, or national EPI programs, deliver routine and campaign vaccines worldwide. WHO launched EPI in 1974; 2025 DTP3 coverage 85%, 13.5 million zero-dose children.
Immunoadsorption
Immunoadsorption is an extracorporeal apheresis technique that selectively removes immunoglobulins and immune complexes from plasma, sparing albumin and coagulation factors, and is used in autoantibody-mediated neurological, cardiac, and kidney diseases and transplant desensitization.
Immunochemotherapy
Immunochemotherapy, also called neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy, combines immune checkpoint inhibitors with cytotoxic chemotherapy to shrink tumors before surgery; since 2022 it has become standard care in several tumor types.
Immunochromatography
Immunochromatography is a rapid assay in which a sample migrates along a chromatographic strip by capillary action, generating a visible signal; it underlies home pregnancy tests and point-of-care diagnostics.
Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency: reduced or absent immune response, divided into primary (inborn errors of immunity, over 400 types) and secondary forms (HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, drugs, splenectomy); treated with immunoglobulin replacement, transplants, gene therapy.
Immunodeficiency by defective expression of MHC class I
Immunodeficiency by defective expression of MHC class I, also called bare lymphocyte syndrome type I, is a rare inherited immunodeficiency causing chronic respiratory infections and bronchiectasis.
Immunodeficiency by defective expression of MHC class II
Immunodeficiency by defective expression of MHC class II, or bare lymphocyte syndrome type 2, a rare autosomal recessive combined immunodeficiency from CIITA, RFXANK, RFX5, or RFXAP mutations, causing absent HLA class II expression, severe infant infections, and cure only by transplant.
Immunodeficiency due to a late component of complement deficiency
Late component complement deficiency (C5-C9, terminal pathway) is an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency causing recurrent Neisseria meningitidis meningitis and sepsis; diagnosed by low CH50/AH50, managed with meningococcal vaccination and antibiotics.
Immunodeficiency due to selective anti-polysaccharide antibody deficiency
Immunodeficiency due to selective anti-polysaccharide antibody deficiency (SPAD), also called specific antibody deficiency (SAD): a primary immunodeficiency with normal immunoglobulin levels but impaired antibody responses to bacterial polysaccharide capsules, causing recurrent sinopulmonary infections.
Immunodeficiency with factor I anomaly
Immunodeficiency with factor I anomaly, or complement factor I deficiency (CFI gene, autosomal recessive), is a rare primary immunodeficiency causing uncontrolled complement activation, low C3, recurrent severe infections, and renal or autoimmune disease.
Immunodiffusion
Immunodiffusion is a laboratory technique in which antigens and antibodies diffuse through agar gel and form a visible precipitin line, used in fungal serodiagnosis and influenza vaccine potency testing.
Immunoelectrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) is a laboratory method, introduced by Grabar and Williams in 1953, that separates proteins by electrophoresis and identifies them with antibodies as stained precipitin arcs.
Immunofixation electrophoresis
Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a clinical lab technique that identifies and types monoclonal immunoglobulins in serum, urine, or CSF, the IMWG gold standard for confirming monoclonal proteins.
Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), the major human antibody class, 10–20% of plasma protein, with subclasses IgG1–IgG4; the only antibody crossing the placenta via FcRn and the basis of IVIG and most antibody therapeutics.