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In vivo dosimetry
In vivo dosimetry (IVD) is the measurement of radiation dose actually delivered to a patient during radiotherapy, using detectors placed on the skin or inside body cavities to catch errors.
In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy
In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive technique that measures metabolite concentrations in living tissue using MRI signals, distinguishing brain tumors from other lesions and monitoring disease.
In vivo PET imaging
In vivo PET imaging is a molecular imaging method that visualizes an injected radiotracer in a living organism, used mainly in oncology since the late 1980s.
Inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, CAMS Kunming Institute
Covidful (科维福), the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (KMS-1 strain, Vero cell, alum adjuvant) from IMBCAMS in Kunming; two doses 2-4 weeks apart, emergency use in China from June 2021, WHO EUL submission in progress.
Inactivated vaccine
Inactivated (killed) vaccines: non-replicating whole or fractional antigens inactivated with formaldehyde or beta-propiolactone, requiring multiple doses and boosters; examples include Salk IPV, hepatitis A, rabies, and inactivated influenza vaccines.
Inappropriate affect
Inappropriate affect: emotional expression mismatching a person's experience, speech, or situation, e.g., laughing while describing a death. A Bleulerian cardinal symptom of schizophrenia, also seen in mania; now classed as disorganization, not blunted affect.
Inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator shock
Inappropriate ICD shock: a high-voltage implantable defibrillator discharge for a non-ventricular rhythm, usually supraventricular tachycardia or oversensing; incidence, mortality evidence, programming, and remote monitoring prevention.
Inappropriate Prescribing
Inappropriate prescribing is the prescription of a medication when its potential harm outweighs its benefit, including underprescribing; assessed with tools like the Beers criteria and STOPP/START.
Inappropriate saccades
Inappropriate saccades (saccadic intrusions and oscillations, ICD-11 9C85.02) are involuntary conjugate fast eye movements that interrupt fixation. Types include square wave jerks, ocular flutter, and opsoclonus, linked to neurologic and paraneoplastic disease.
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST), also called syndrome of inappropriate sinus tachycardia, is a persistent fast sinus heart rate over 100 bpm at rest or 90 bpm 24-hour average, not explained by other causes, mainly affecting young women with a benign prognosis.
Inaticabtagene autoleucel
Inaticabtagene autoleucel (CNCT19, Inati-cel, 源瑞达/YORWIDA) is Juventas Cell Therapy's autologous CD19 CAR-T with the HI19α scFv and 4-1BB domain, approved by China's NMPA in November 2023 as the first CAR-T for adult relapsed/refractory B-cell ALL, with 85.4% best remission rate in its pivotal trial.
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism are inherited enzyme defects disrupting galactose, glycogen, fructose, and pyruvate metabolism, including galactosemia, von Gierke disease, and hereditary fructose intolerance, diagnosed by enzymatic and molecular testing and treated mainly by diet.
Inborn errors of energy metabolism
Inborn errors of energy metabolism (ICD-11 5C53) are inherited defects impairing cellular energy production or use, covering fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial, glycogen, and creatine disorders, presenting with hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hypotonia, and myopathy.
Inborn errors of lipid metabolism
Inborn errors of lipid metabolism (ICD-11 5C52) are heritable genetic disorders of lipid transport, oxidation, synthesis, and storage, including fatty acid oxidation defects, complex lipid biosynthesis disorders, sphingolipidoses, and lipoprotein disorders.
INBUILD® trial
INBUILD (NCT02999178) was a phase 3 randomized placebo-controlled trial of nintedanib 150 mg twice daily in 663 patients with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease other than IPF; nintedanib reduced FVC decline by 107.0 mL/year over 52 weeks and reduced ILD progression or death.
INCAsE trial
INCAsE (NCT04204109) was a terminated cluster randomized trial at Rigshospitalet comparing interprofessional versus monoprofessional case-based learning on gastrointestinal toxicities in childhood cancer, enrolling 49 staff; distinct from the VA COPD InCasE trial.
Incentive spirometry
Incentive spirometry is a breathing therapy in which patients take slow, sustained maximal breaths through a handheld feedback device to expand the lungs and prevent atelectasis, chiefly after surgery.
Incidence (epidemiology)
Incidence in epidemiology is the frequency of new cases of disease in a population over a specified period, measured as incidence proportion (risk) or incidence rate (per person-time), distinct from prevalence, which counts all existing cases.
Incision and drainage
Incision and drainage (I&D) is a surgical procedure that cuts into an abscess to evacuate pus, achieving source control; more than 1.4 million are performed yearly in the United States.
Incisional biopsy
Incisional biopsy, contrasted with excisional biopsy, is a surgical diagnostic procedure removing only part of a lesion, used when malignancy needs tissue diagnosis before definitive surgery.
Incisional hernia repair
Incisional hernia repair is surgery to close and reinforce a hernia that developed at a previous abdominal incision site, using sutures, mesh, or both, with mesh repair preferred for larger defects.
Incisional negative pressure wound therapy
Incisional negative pressure wound therapy (ciNPWT, also called closed-incision negative pressure therapy) applies sealed suction dressings over fresh surgical incisions for several days, reducing surgical site infection and dehiscence in high-risk patients.
Inclacumab
Inclacumab (RO4905417, RG1512, HuMab 002) is a fully human IgG4 anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibody blocking P-selectin-PSGL-1 binding, developed for sickle cell disease; its Phase 3 THRIVE-131 trial missed its VOC-reduction endpoint in 2025.
INCLINE-AMI trial
INCLINE-AMI (NCT07290699), a phase 4 randomized trial by the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, tests recaticimab 450 mg every 12 weeks started within 24 hours of emergency PCI for acute myocardial infarction in 2,442 patients, versus standard statin therapy, over 6 months of treatment and 12-month follow-up.
Inclisiran
Inclisiran (brand name Leqvio) is a small interfering RNA drug targeting PCSK9 that lowers LDL cholesterol, given by subcutaneous injection twice a year and used with statins in adults with high cholesterol.
Inclusion body myopathy
Inclusion body myopathy (hIBM, hereditary myopathy with rimmed vacuoles) is a GNE-mutation hereditary muscle disease, distinct from sporadic inclusion body myositis, the inflammatory quadriceps and finger flexor myopathy over age 50.
Inclusion body myopathy with Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia
IBMPFD, now called multisystem proteinopathy (MSP1 when caused by VCP), is a rare autosomal dominant adult-onset disorder combining inclusion body myopathy, early Paget disease of bone, and frontotemporal dementia, with ALS and parkinsonism also in the spectrum.
Inclusion body myositis
Inclusion body myositis (IBM), also called sporadic inclusion body myositis, is a progressive inflammatory muscle disease beginning after age 50, marked by asymmetric finger-flexor and quadriceps weakness, rimmed vacuoles on biopsy, anti-cN1A antibodies, and resistance to immunosuppression.
Incoherence
Incoherence (ICD-11 MB25.03) is a formal thought disorder symptom: speech so disorganized it is incomprehensible to others, seen in psychosis, mania, and delirium, historically termed Wortsalat.
Incomplete defaecation
Incomplete defaecation, or sensation of incomplete evacuation, is the persistent feeling stool remains after a bowel movement; a Rome IV constipation criterion linked to dyssynergic defecation and obstructed defaecation syndrome.