25,729 articles
Anaemia in chronic kidney disease
Anemia in chronic kidney disease (anemia of renal disease): low hemoglobin from reduced erythropoietin and disordered iron metabolism, affecting over 50% of CKD G4–G5; treated with iron, ESAs, and oral HIF-PHIs per KDIGO 2026.
Anaemia of prematurity
Anaemia of prematurity (AOP, ICD-11 KA8B), the hemoglobin fall in preterm infants from delayed erythropoiesis, low erythropoietin, and phlebotomy loss; nadir 7-8 g/dL at 4-6 weeks; TOP and ETTNO trials found higher transfusion thresholds gave no neurodevelopmental benefit.
Anaerobic exercise
Anaerobic exercise: intense activity powered without oxygen by the ATP-CP and glycolytic systems, e.g. sprints and heavy lifting; measured by the Wingate test, causes fatigue via inorganic phosphate, trained through HIIT above 80% max heart rate.
Anaesthesia of cornea
Anaesthesia of cornea (ICD-11 9A78.6, 角膜の知覚消失), loss of corneal sensation from trigeminal or corneal nerve damage; causes include herpetic keratitis, surgery, drugs, diabetes; leads to neurotrophic keratopathy.
Anaesthesia of skin
Anaesthesia of skin (ICD-11 MB40.3; ICD-10 R20.0) is partial or complete loss of skin sensation, usually circumscribed, from sensory nerve damage such as injury or leprosy.
Anagen effluvium
Anagen effluvium is sudden non-scarring hair loss from shedding of hairs in the anagen growth phase, caused by chemotherapy, radiation, toxins, or autoimmune disease, with regrowth usually within 1 to 3 months.
Anagestone acetate
Anagestone acetate (Anatropin, ORF-1658), a synthetic pregnane progestin introduced in 1968 in a combined oral contraceptive with mestranol, withdrawn worldwide by 1970 after beagle dog mammary tumor findings.
Anagliptin
Anagliptin (Beskoa, Suiny) is a highly selective DPP-4 inhibitor approved and launched in Japan in 2012 for type 2 diabetes, dosed 200 mg twice daily, with LDL-C-lowering effects and few adverse events.
Anagrelide
Anagrelide (Agrylin, Thromboreductin) is an oral quinazoline platelet-lowering drug, a PDE3 inhibitor blocking megakaryocyte maturation, used for thrombocythemia in myeloproliferative neoplasms; US-approved 1997, second-line in ET after hydroxyurea.
Anakinra
Anakinra (Kineret) is a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, 153 amino acids with an N-terminal methionine, first approved in 2001 for rheumatoid arthritis and later for autoinflammatory syndromes and COVID-19.
Anal bleaching
Anal bleaching, also called perianal skin lightening, is a cosmetic procedure lightening skin around the anus with creams, chemical peels, or lasers; results are temporary and risks include burns, irritation, and worsened pigmentation.
Anal canal
The anal canal is the 2.5-4 cm terminal segment of the gastrointestinal tract between rectum and anus, divided by the dentate line, with involuntary internal and voluntary external sphincters governing continence.
Anal cancer
Anal cancer: malignancy of the anus, usually squamous cell carcinoma caused by HPV (especially HPV-16). Rising US incidence; treated mainly with 5-FU/mitomycin chemoradiation, surgery as salvage, retifanlimab approved 2025.
Anal fissure
Anal fissure (fissure-in-ano), a painful longitudinal tear in the anal lining, most often posterior midline, caused by hard stools and sphincter hypertonia; treated with sitz baths, topical nitrates or calcium channel blockers, botulinum toxin, or lateral internal sphincterotomy.
Anal fistula
An anal fistula, also called fistula in ano, is an abnormal channel between the anal canal and nearby skin, usually after an anal abscess, and rarely heals without surgery.
Anal hygiene
Anal hygiene: cleaning the anus and perianal skin after defecation using toilet paper, water (bidets, washlets), or wipes. Japanese cohort studies found bidet use does not raise hemorrhoid or urogenital infection incidence, but overcleaning causes anal irritation and pruritus.
Anal Pap smear
An anal Pap smear is a screening test that swabs cells from the anal canal to detect anal precancer and cancer, analogous to the cervical Pap test.
Anal polyp
Anal polyp (ICD-11 DB71, ICD-10 K62.0), also called anal canal polyp or anal papilla, is a descriptive term for benign intraluminal anal canal growths: hyperplastic, fibroepithelial, cloacogenic, adenoma, hypertrophied papilla; treated by excision with histology.
Anal pruritus
Anal pruritus (pruritus ani, perianal itching), ICD-11 EG60, is irritation of the anal margin and perianal skin causing an urge to scratch; usually idiopathic, worse at night, treated with hygiene, irritant avoidance, and topical therapy.
Analgesia
Analgesia: relief of pain by analgesic drugs (acetaminophen, NSAIDs, opioids) or non-drug methods (heat, exercise, acupuncture, regional blocks). Distinct from anesthesia; evidence favors multimodal, opioid-sparing approaches.
Analgesic
Analgesic (painkiller, pain reliever): medicine that relieves pain. Main classes are acetaminophen (paracetamol), NSAIDs such as aspirin and ibuprofen, and opioids; differs from anesthetics by reducing pain without loss of consciousness.
Analytic psychotherapy
Analytic psychotherapy is a psychodynamic talking treatment that targets unconscious conflicts and repetitive relationship patterns, sitting between full psychoanalysis and shorter structured therapies, used for depression and anxiety.
Analytic treatment interruption
An analytic treatment interruption (ATI) is a deliberate, monitored pause of antiretroviral therapy in HIV cure trials, used to measure viral rebound and test interventions.
Anamorelin
Anamorelin (Adlumiz) is an oral ghrelin mimetic drug approved in Japan in 2020 to treat cancer cachexia, but not approved in the US or Europe.
Anandabhairava rasa
Anandabhairava rasa (Anand Bhairav Ras), a classical Ayurvedic herbo-mineral Kharaliya formulation from Bhaishajya Ratnavali containing purified cinnabar and Aconitum ferox, used mainly for fever and diarrhea, with 12 recorded variants.
Anandi Gopal Joshi (आनंदीबाई गोपाळराव जोशी)
Anandi Gopal Joshi (आनंदीबाई गोपाळराव जोशी, 1865–1887), also Anandibai Joshee, first Indian woman to earn a Western medicine MD (Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1886); died of tuberculosis before practicing.
Anaphrodisiac
Anaphrodisiac: a drug or agent that reduces or represses sexual desire, opposite of aphrodisiac; from Greek anaphroditos (1823). Includes claimed agents like potassium bromide and clinical libido-lowering drugs such as SSRIs and antiandrogens.
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis, also called anaphylactic shock, is a rapid-onset, potentially fatal systemic hypersensitivity reaction triggered by foods, drugs, or insect venom, treated first-line with intramuscular thigh epinephrine; incidence about 46 per 100,000 per year and rising.
Anaphylaxis due to insect venom
Anaphylaxis due to insect venom (ICD-11 4A84.2) is severe systemic allergic reaction to Hymenoptera stings; treated acutely with intramuscular epinephrine and prevented by 3-5 years of venom immunotherapy.
Anaplastic ependymoma
Anaplastic ependymoma, formerly WHO grade III ependymoma, a rare malignant glial tumor of the brain or spinal cord; term retired in WHO CNS5 2021, treated with surgery plus radiotherapy, worse prognosis than grade II.