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Monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome
Monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome (MMAS, clonal or primary MCAS) is a rare hematologic disorder with recurrent mast cell activation episodes, KIT D816V and/or CD25 clonal mast cells, tryptase under 20 ng/mL, and no systemic mastocytosis criteria.
Monocular elevator palsy
Monocular elevator palsy, also called monocular elevation deficiency or double elevator palsy (ICD-11 9C83.02), is inability of one eye to elevate equally in adduction and abduction, caused by inferior rectus restriction, elevator weakness, or a supranuclear lesion, and treated surgically by inferior rectus recession or Knapp transposition.
Monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes
Monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes (MAIS), also called monogenic autoinflammatory diseases, are single-gene innate immune disorders causing recurrent fever and sterile inflammation; examples include FMF, TRAPS, CAPS, and interferonopathies such as SAVI.
Monomelic amyotrophy
Monomelic amyotrophy (Hirayama disease) is a rare juvenile lower motor neuron disorder causing unilateral distal upper limb atrophy sparing the brachioradialis, from flexion-induced cervical cord ischemia; collar or surgery, self-limiting course.
Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma
MEITL (monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma), formerly type II EATL, is a rare aggressive intestinal T-cell lymphoma unrelated to coeliac disease, common in Asia, with CD8+ CD56+ cytotoxic phenotype, SETD2/JAK-STAT mutations, and median survival under a year.
Mononeuritis multiplex
Mononeuritis multiplex (mononeuropathy multiplex, multiple mononeuropathy) is a multifocal peripheral neuropathy damaging two or more separate nerve trunks, usually from vasculitis; other causes include diabetes, sarcoidosis, Lyme disease, HIV, and leprosy.
Mononuclear phagocyte system sequestration
Mononuclear phagocyte system sequestration is the capture of intravenously injected nanoparticles by macrophages of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, limiting nanomedicine delivery to tumors.
Mononucleosis due to cytomegalovirus
Mononucleosis due to cytomegalovirus (CMV mononucleosis, ICD-11 1D81.1) is a heterophile-negative, EBV-like infectious mononucleosis syndrome in immunocompetent adults, diagnosed by CMV IgM serology and usually self-limited without antiviral treatment.
Mononucleosis due to Epstein-Barr virus
Mononucleosis due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, human herpesvirus 4), also called mono or glandular fever: a fever-pharyngitis-lymphadenopathy syndrome in adolescents, diagnosed by heterophile or EBV serology, treated supportively.
Monosomy 13q14 syndrome
Monosomy 13q14 syndrome (Del(13)(q14), ORPHA:1587) is a rare chromosomal deletion syndrome of chromosome band 13q14 causing retinoblastoma, developmental delay, variable intellectual disability, and characteristic craniofacial dysmorphism.
Monosomy 18p syndrome
Monosomy 18p syndrome (18p-, De Grouchy syndrome type I) is a rare deletion of chromosome 18's short arm, incidence about 1:50,000, causing developmental delay, short stature, and dysmorphic facial features.
Monosomy 18q syndrome
Monosomy 18q syndrome, or De Grouchy syndrome type 2, is a rare chromosomal disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 18, causing developmental delay and hypotonia.
Monosomy 22 syndrome
Monosomy 22 syndrome (Del(22), ORPHA:96123) is a rare autosomal anomaly from partial or complete loss of chromosome 22, with short stature, joint abnormalities, cardiac defects, craniofacial dysmorphism, and intellectual disability; distinct from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
Monosomy 9p syndrome
Monosomy 9p syndrome (9p deletion syndrome, Alfi syndrome, OMIM 158170): rare chromosomal disorder from deletion of chromosome 9p, causing developmental delay, trigonocephaly, hypotonia, and XY genital defects via DMRT1 loss.
Monovalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine type 1
Monovalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine type 1 (mOPV1) is a live attenuated Sabin type 1 oral polio vaccine, licensed from 2005, giving about 81% per-dose seroconversion versus 30-40% for trivalent OPV and used in mass campaigns against type 1 polio.
Monovalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine type 2
Monovalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine type 2 (mOPV2), e.g., Polio Sabin Mono Two, is a live attenuated Sabin type 2 oral polio vaccine reserved for cVDPV2 outbreak response after the 2016 tOPV-to-bOPV switch, stockpiled under WHO Director-General release control and now replaced by nOPV2.
Monovalent type 1 Oral Poliomyelitis vaccine, IP
Monovalent type 1 Oral Poliomyelitis vaccine, IP (mOPV1) is a live attenuated Sabin type 1 oral polio vaccine made by Haffkine, India, WHO-prequalified since 2009, used mainly in mass campaigns against type 1 poliovirus.
Mons pubis
Mons pubis (mons veneris): rounded fatty eminence over the pubic bone, the most anterior part of the female external genitalia; hair-bearing after puberty, cushions intercourse, and may be reduced surgically by monsplasty.
Montefiore Medical Center
Montefiore Medical Center is a non-profit acute care hospital in the Bronx, New York, and the teaching hospital of Albert Einstein College of Medicine since 1963.
Montelukast
Montelukast (Singulair) is an oral leukotriene receptor antagonist for asthma, allergic rhinitis, and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, first FDA-approved in 1998 and given a 2020 Boxed Warning for neuropsychiatric events.
Monteplase
Monteplase (Cleactor, E6010) is a recombinant mutant tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolytic with a Cys84Ser mutation, approved in Japan in 2005 for acute pulmonary embolism and myocardial infarction, distinct from alteplase and tenecteplase.
Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale
The Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item, clinician-rated interview measuring depression severity on a 0–60 scale. Designed by Montgomery and Åsberg in 1979, it is the standard endpoint in antidepressant trials.
Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), a 10-minute cognitive screening test developed by Ziad Nasreddine in 1996, published 2005; detects mild cognitive impairment, cutoff below 26/30, more sensitive than MMSE, education-adjusted cutoffs vary widely.
Montreal General Hospital
The Montreal General Hospital is a bilingual academic hospital in Montreal, Quebec, founded in 1821 and now one of the six sites of the McGill University Health Centre.
Mood disorder
Mood disorder: group of mental health conditions, mainly depressive disorders (major depression, dysthymia) and bipolar disorders (bipolar I, II, cyclothymia), defined by persistent or episodic disturbance of mood, with DSM-5/ICD classification, genetic and environmental causes, and psychotherapy, medication, and brain stimulation treatments.
Mood Disorder Questionnaire
The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a brief self-report screening tool for bipolar disorder, developed by Robert Hirschfeld and colleagues and introduced in 2000. It has 13 yes/no symptom items and takes about five minutes.
Mood stabilizer
Mood stabilizer: medications for bipolar disorder, mainly lithium, anticonvulsants (valproate, lamotrigine, carbamazepine), and antipsychotics; lithium is the only agent meeting the strict treat-and-prevent-both-polarities definition.
Mood swing
Mood swings are sudden mood changes driven by shifting neurotransmitter levels, common in adolescence, pregnancy, and menopause, and caused by conditions like thyroid disease, PMDD, sleep loss, or bipolar disorder.
MOONRISE trial
MOONRISE (Milk Outcomes Following Oral Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation in the NICU Environment) is a UC Davis double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled pilot feasibility trial (NCT04614714) testing 250 mg/day nicotinamide riboside for 14 days to increase milk production in mothers of NICU-hospitalized infants.
Mooren ulcer
Mooren ulcer (ulcere de Mooren), also called rodent ulcer, is a rare idiopathic autoimmune peripheral ulcerative keratitis of the cornea, diagnosed by exclusion, bilateral in about one third of cases, treated with a stepladder immunosuppressive approach.