Human health and medicine

Mosaic trisomy 10 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 10 syndrome (trisomy 10 mosaicism, ORPHA:96063) is an extremely rare chromosomal disorder with an extra chromosome 10 in some cells, causing growth delay, craniofacial and organ malformations, and usually neonatal or infant death.

Mosaic trisomy 12 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 12 syndrome (trisomy 12 mosaicism, ORPHA:1698) is a rare chromosomal disorder where some cells carry an extra chromosome 12, causing variable developmental delay, heart defects, dysmorphism, and pigmentary dysplasia.

Mosaic trisomy 14 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 14 syndrome, also called trisomy 14 mosaicism, is a rare chromosomal disorder in which some body cells carry three copies of chromosome 14, causing variable growth and developmental delay, heart defects, and body asymmetry.

Mosaic trisomy 15 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 15 syndrome, also called mosaic trisomy chromosome 15, is a rare chromosomal disorder with an extra chromosome 15 in some cells, causing growth restriction, heart defects, and dysmorphism, with UPD15 and Prader–Willi risk.

Mosaic trisomy 16 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 16 syndrome, a rare chromosomal anomaly (ORPHA:1708, ICD-10 Q92.1) where some cells carry an extra chromosome 16, causing variable growth restriction, cardiac and genital anomalies, with outcomes ranging from normal development to neonatal death.

Mosaic trisomy 17 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 17 syndrome, also called trisomy 17 mosaicism, is an extremely rare chromosomal disorder with three copies of chromosome 17 in some cells, causing variable growth delay, intellectual disability, asymmetry, and heart defects; full trisomy 17 is lethal in utero.

Mosaic trisomy 2 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 2 syndrome (trisomy 2 mosaicism, ORPHA:1723): rare chromosomal anomaly with extra chromosome 2 in some cells; IUGR, growth delay, craniofacial, heart, and neural tube defects; under 1 per million.

Mosaic trisomy 20 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 20 syndrome (trisomy 20 mosaicism, ORPHA:1724): a rare chromosomal anomaly with an extra chromosome 20 in some cells; normal outcome in over 90% of prenatally detected cases, mild spinal, skin, and bowel features when present.

Mosaic trisomy 22 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 22 syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder in which some body cells carry an extra chromosome 22, causing growth delay, intellectual disability, and heart defects.

Mosaic trisomy 3 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 3 syndrome, or trisomy 3 mosaicism (ORPHA:100071), is a rare chromosomal anomaly where some cells carry an extra chromosome 3, causing variable joint, facial, growth, and cardiac features; CVS findings are often confined placental mosaicism.

Mosaic trisomy 4 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 4 syndrome (trisomy 4 mosaicism, ORPHA:96059) is an ultra-rare autosomal anomaly with an extra chromosome 4 in a fraction of cells, causing IUGR, heart defects, thumb aplasia, and pigmentation changes.

Mosaic trisomy 5 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 5 syndrome (trisomy 5 mosaicism, ORPHA:96060) is an extremely rare chromosomal anomaly, fewer than 1 in 1,000,000, with a variable phenotype from normal to growth retardation, heart defects, and dysmorphism; only about seven cases reported.

Mosaic trisomy 7 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 7 syndrome (trisomy 7 mosaicism, ORPHA:1747) is a rare chromosomal anomaly with a trisomic chromosome 7 cell line, causing Blaschko-line skin pigmentary dysplasia, asymmetry, growth delay, and sometimes maternal UPD 7 with Silver-Russell phenotype.

Mosaic trisomy 8 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 8 syndrome, also called Warkany syndrome or trisomy 8 mosaicism, is a rare chromosomal disorder where some body cells carry three copies of chromosome 8.

Mosaic trisomy 9 syndrome

Mosaic trisomy 9 syndrome, also called trisomy 9 mosaicism, is a rare chromosomal disorder with some cells carrying an extra chromosome 9, causing intellectual disability, growth delay, heart, skeletal, and urogenital anomalies.

Mosaic variegated aneuploidy syndrome

Mosaic variegated aneuploidy (MVA) syndrome, also called Warburton-Anyane-Yeboa syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive chromosomal-instability disorder with mosaic trisomies and monosomies in over 25% of cells, microcephaly, growth restriction, and childhood cancer risk, caused by BUB1B, CEP57, TRIP13, and related mitotic checkpoint genes.

Sep 29, 2026

Mosaicplasty

Mosaicplasty is a surgical technique that repairs cartilage and bone defects, mainly in the knee and talus, by transplanting small plugs of healthy tissue from the same joint.

Mosapride

Mosapride (mosapride citrate, AS-4370) is a benzamide partial 5-HT4 agonist prokinetic launched in Japan in 1998 for functional dyspepsia; dosed 5 mg three times daily, cardiac-safe versus cisapride, unavailable in the USA and UK.

Moses Farrow

Moses Farrow, Korean-born LMFT adopted by Mia Farrow (1980) and Woody Allen (1991), known for his 2018 defense of Allen against Dylan Farrow's allegations and for adoption-trauma therapy and anti-adoption-industry activism in Connecticut.

Mosunetuzumab

Mosunetuzumab (Lunsumio, Lunsumio Velo) is a humanized CD20 x CD3 bispecific T-cell engager antibody approved for relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma after two or more systemic therapies, delivering 80% response rates via T-cell redirection.

Motavizumab

Motavizumab (MEDI-524, Numax) is an unlicensed humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody derived from palivizumab for RSV prophylaxis; 13 amino-acid changes gave higher F-protein affinity, but the FDA declined approval and AstraZeneca withdrew it in 2010.

Motesanib

Motesanib (AMG 706), an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting VEGFR 1-3, PDGFR, Kit, and Ret, developed by Amgen and Takeda for thyroid cancer and NSCLC; phase 3 trials failed and development was discontinued.

Motexafin

Motexafin: texaphyrin family of tumor-selective redox-active agents; motexafin gadolinium (Xcytrin) is an MRI-detectable radiosensitizer whose phase III brain metastases trials failed and was never FDA approved.

Mother

Mother: a female parent (also a religious superior, a source, or a fermentation starter). Motherhood is a universal social status whose meaning, norms, and practices vary across cultures, history, and biology.

Oct 15, 2026

Motilin

Motilin is a 22-amino-acid peptide hormone secreted by M cells of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa that stimulates gastrointestinal motility; erythromycin mimics it, launching prokinetic drug development.

Motion sickness

Motion sickness (seasickness, car sickness) is nausea, vomiting, dizziness, pallor, and cold sweating from real or perceived motion conflicting vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive inputs; treated with habituation, scopolamine, and sedating antihistamines.

Motivation-enhancing drug

Motivation-enhancing drug: agents aimed at apathy and motivation deficits, chiefly methylphenidate and dopaminergic drugs targeting incentive salience; no treatment is yet licensed for apathy.

Oct 15, 2026

Motivational Enhancement Therapy

Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) is a brief, four-session psychotherapy for substance use disorders that uses motivational interviewing and personalized assessment feedback, developed for Project MATCH.

Motivational interviewing

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client-centered counseling style, first described by William Miller in 1983 and codified with Stephen Rollnick, that resolves ambivalence to change behavior; Cochrane evidence shows short-term benefit versus no intervention but little difference versus active treatments.