25,729 articles
Appendectomy
Appendectomy (appendicectomy) is surgical removal of the vermiform appendix to treat appendicitis. First published removal by Amyand in 1735; laparoscopic approach since Semm in 1980 is now standard, with antibiotics an alternative in selected uncomplicated cases.
Appendiceal mucinous neoplasm
Appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (AMN; LAMN, HAMN), a rare mucin-producing appendix tumor and main cause of pseudomyxoma peritonei; treated by appendectomy, hemicolectomy, or CRS with HIPEC.
Appendicitis
Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix (vermiform appendix), the most common abdominal surgical emergency; treated by laparoscopic appendectomy or, in selected uncomplicated cases, antibiotics, with APPAC and CODA trial outcomes.
Appendicular concretions
Appendicular concretions (appendicoliths, fecaliths; ICD-11 DB11.2, ICD-10 K38.1) are calcified fecal stones in the appendix lumen, found in roughly 40% of appendicitis CT scans, linked to complicated appendicitis and antibiotic-treatment failure, but often incidental.
Appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the human skeleton formed by the upper and lower limb bones and the girdles attaching them to the axial skeleton, totaling 126 bones.
Appendix (anatomy)
Vermiform appendix (appendix vermiformis): narrow blind-ended tube from the cecum, about 10 cm long, rich in lymphoid tissue, a reservoir for gut bacteria, and the site of appendicitis, the most common abdominal surgical emergency.
Appendix cancer
Appendix cancer, also called appendiceal cancer, is a rare cancer of the appendix, a pouch attached to the large intestine, making up under 1% of gastrointestinal tumors.
Appetite
Appetite is the desire to eat, regulated by hypothalamic and gut–brain circuits using hormones such as leptin, ghrelin, CCK, and GLP-1; leptin resistance, weight regain, and appetite-targeting obesity drugs are its main clinical aspects.
Applanation tonometry
Applanation tonometry measures intraocular pressure by flattening a fixed area of the cornea with a calibrated probe; the Goldmann tonometer is the clinical gold standard for glaucoma care.
Apple peel powder
Apple peel powder, also called dried apple peel powder (DAPP), is a polyphenol-rich dried apple peel ingredient; US GRAS notices GRN 000613 (withdrawn 2016) and GRN 805 (no questions) cover its food use.
Apple Watch
Apple Watch is a smartwatch line made by Apple, launched in 2015. It is the world's best-selling smartwatch, providing health monitoring, fitness tracking, and notifications to iPhone users.
APPLES trial
APPLES (Apnea Positive Pressure Long-term Efficacy Study), NCT00051363, was an NHLBI-funded 6-month randomized sham-controlled trial of CPAP in 1,098 OSA patients; it found no lasting neurocognitive benefit but improved sleepiness.
Applied kinesiology
Applied kinesiology (AK), founded by chiropractor George Goodheart in 1964, is a chiropractic diagnostic system using manual muscle testing with challenges to assess structural, chemical, and mental dysfunction; its diagnostic validity is unsupported by research.
Applied nutrition
Applied nutrition: the branch of human nutrition linking diet to the health of the general population, covering healthy-eating promotion, prevention of malnutrition, dietary assessment, and guidelines; distinct from clinical nutrition and from the UK sports-nutrition company Applied Nutrition plc (LSE: APN).
Apraclonidine
Apraclonidine (Iopidine) is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist eye drop, a para-amino clonidine derivative approved in 1987 to prevent post-laser IOP spikes and in 1993 for short-term glaucoma therapy; tachyphylaxis limits chronic use.
APRAN study
APRAN study (NCT02556034), a Canadian validation trial by Fortin et al. testing whether trained rheumatology nurses can assess RA and PsA disease activity (CDAI, DAS-28) as accurately as rheumatologists; nurse-physician DAS-28 correlation r=0.846.
Apraxia
Apraxia is a brain condition in which someone cannot perform a requested voluntary movement despite normal muscle function, comprehension, and willingness, often after a stroke.
Apraxia of speech
Apraxia of speech (AOS), also called verbal apraxia, is a motor speech disorder impairing planning of speech movements, caused by stroke, injury, or neurodegeneration, and distinguished from aphasia and dysarthria by absent weakness and language deficits.
Apremilast
Apremilast (Otezla) is an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor approved in 2014 for plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, also used for Behçet's oral ulcers; dosed 30 mg twice daily after titration.
Aprepitant
Aprepitant (Emend) is a substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist antiemetic first approved in 2003 to prevent chemotherapy-induced and postoperative nausea and vomiting; oral 125/80/80 mg dosing, CYP3A4 interactions, IV Aponvie since 2022.
Apricitabine
Apricitabine (ATC; formerly AVX754, SPD754, BCH10618) is an investigational deoxycytidine analogue NRTI for HIV-1, active against M184V and thymidine analogue mutation virus; Avexa halted its phase III development in 2010 without approval.
Aprinocarsen
Aprinocarsen (ISIS 3521, LY900003, Affinitak) is a 20-base phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide targeting PKC-alpha mRNA via RNase H1; trialed in gliomas, NSCLC, and other cancers without clinical benefit, then discontinued.
Aprobarbital
Aprobarbital (Alurate, allylpropymal) is an intermediate-acting barbiturate sedative-hypnotic synthesized in the 1920s by Ernst Preiswerk, formerly used for short-term insomnia treatment, ATC N05CA05, now rarely prescribed and no longer commercially available in the US.
Aprocitentan
Aprocitentan (ACT-132577; Tryvio, Jeraygo) is an oral dual ETA/ETB endothelin receptor antagonist, active metabolite of macitentan, approved 2024 for resistant hypertension; PRECISION trial showed -3.8 mm Hg office systolic BP benefit versus placebo, main side effect edema.
APSALS study
APSALS (Australian Parental Supply of Alcohol Longitudinal Study), a 2010 UNSW NDARC prospective cohort of 1,927 parent-child dyads followed annually, finding parental alcohol supply increases adolescent binge drinking, harms, and alcohol use disorder risk.
Aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles
Aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles are drug-delivery or diagnostic particles whose surfaces carry aptamers, short DNA or RNA strands that bind specific molecular targets, most often receptors overexpressed on cancer cells.
Aquablation
Aquablation is a robotic, image-guided surgical technique that removes prostate tissue with a heat-free, high-velocity saline jet to treat lower urinary tract symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Aquagenic palmoplantar keratoderma
Aquagenic palmoplantar keratoderma, or aquagenic wrinkling of the palms, is a skin condition in which water contact triggers rapid wrinkling, papules, and burning on the palms.
Aquagenic urticaria
Aquagenic urticaria, or water urticaria, is a rare chronic inducible urticaria causing wheals after any water skin contact regardless of temperature; first described 1964, under 100 cases, treated first-line with second-generation H1 antihistamines.
Aquaphobia
Aquaphobia is a specific phobia of water, from Latin aqua and Greek phobos, affecting 2-3% of Americans, more children than adults, and distinct from rabies-related hydrophobia; exposure therapy helps up to 9 in 10 people with specific phobias.