25,729 articles
Arginine vasopressin resistance
Arginine vasopressin resistance (formerly nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, NDI) is a rare kidney disorder of water balance in which renal tubules do not respond to vasopressin, causing 3-20 L/day dilute urine; about 90% of familial cases are X-linked AVPR2 mutations.
Argon plasma coagulation
Argon plasma coagulation (APC) is a non-contact monopolar electrosurgical technique that delivers current through ionized argon gas, used in the gastrointestinal tract and airways for hemostasis and ablation.
Arguments for and against drug prohibition
Drug prohibition: criminalizing production, sale, and possession of psychoactive substances under UN treaties since 1912. Weighs deterrence and price effects against black-market violence, enforcement costs, and decriminalization evidence from Portugal, Oregon, and Thailand.
Argyll Robertson pupil
The Argyll Robertson pupil, also called the Argyll Robertson phenomenon, is a small, irregular pupil that constricts to near targets but not to light, classically a sign of neurosyphilis.
Argyria
Argyria, from Greek argyros (silver), is permanent blue-gray skin discoloration from silver deposition, caused by colloidal silver supplements, occupational exposure, dental amalgam, or medical silver use; diagnosed by biopsy.
Arimedadi taila
Arimedadi taila (Irimedadi/Erimedadi taila), a classical Ayurvedic sesame-oil-based polyherbal mouth oil for oil pulling and gum disease; clinical trials show plaque and gingivitis reduction comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine over 21 days.
Arimoclomol
Arimoclomol (Miplyffa, formerly Meplyffa in Europe) is a hydroxylamine heat shock protein 70 co-inducer; FDA approved it September 20, 2024 as the first drug for Niemann-Pick disease type C, with miglustat, ages 2+; EMA refused EU approval in 2026.
Arindam Bose
Arindam Bose is a chemical engineer who retired from Pfizer in 2016 as a biosimilars executive and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2017.
Aripiprazole
Aripiprazole (Abilify), an atypical antipsychotic and first dopamine D2 partial agonist, FDA-approved 2002 for schizophrenia; also treats bipolar mania, adjunctive depression, autism irritability, and Tourette's disorder.
ARISTOTLE trial
ARISTOTLE (Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other ThromboemboLic Events in Atrial Fibrillation) was a phase 3 trial of 18,201 patients showing apixaban superior to warfarin for stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, and mortality in atrial fibrillation.
Arka Lavana
Arka Lavana (Arka Lavaṇa), an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral salt formulation of Calotropis leaves and rock salt prepared by the puta method, used for liver, spleen, and abdominal disorders.
Arkaprakasa
Arkaprakasa (Arkaprakāśa), a Sanskrit Ayurvedic treatise on arka distillate preparations, traditionally ascribed to Ravana and framed as his dialogue with Mandodari; 10 chapters of 100 verses each.
Arm
Arm (brachium): the upper limb region between shoulder and elbow, built on the single humerus bone. Covers the glenohumeral and elbow joints, brachial artery and brachial plexus, carrying angle, and common fractures.
Armocibart
Armocibart (KN057) is a humanized IgG4 anti-TFPI monoclonal antibody by Suzhou Alphamab for once-weekly subcutaneous bleeding prophylaxis in hemophilia A and B with or without inhibitors; phase 3 in China, licensed to Nanolek for Russia and Eurasia.
Armodafinil
Armodafinil (Nuvigil), the R-enantiomer of modafinil, is a Schedule IV wakefulness-promoting drug approved in 2007 for sleepiness in narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work disorder; dosed 150-250 mg daily, half-life about 15 hours.
Arnold S. Milstein
Arnold S. Milstein is an American physician and health services researcher who directs Stanford's Clinical Excellence Research Center and is known for the 'American medical home runs' study.
Arnold W. Strauss
Arnold W. Strauss, also known as Arnold Wilbur Strauss, is an American pediatric cardiologist elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2007 who studies the genetic basis of pediatric heart disease.
Arnold-Chiari malformation type I
Arnold-Chiari malformation type I, commonly called Chiari I malformation, is a congenital brain disorder in which the cerebellar tonsils herniate into the upper spinal canal, often causing headaches.
Arnold-Chiari malformation type II
Arnold-Chiari malformation type II (Chiari II, CM II) is a congenital hindbrain herniation of the cerebellar vermis, brainstem, and fourth ventricle, found only with myelomeningocele, usually with hydrocephalus, and a leading cause of death under age 2.
Arogyavardhini gutika
Arogyavardhini gutika (Arogyavardhini Vati), classical Ayurvedic herbo-mineral pill with purified mercury, bhasmas, katuki, and triphala, used for liver and skin disorders; clinical trials in metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia, with heavy-metal safety concerns.
Aromatase deficiency
Aromatase deficiency, also called congenital estrogen deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive CYP19A1 disorder blocking androgen-to-estrogen conversion, causing virilization in 46,XX females, maternal virilization in pregnancy, and tall stature with osteoporosis in men.
Aromatase excess syndrome
Aromatase excess syndrome (AEXS, OMIM 139300), formerly familial gynecomastia: rare autosomal dominant CYP19A1-overexpression disorder at 15q21.2 causing prepubertal gynecomastia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, advanced bone age, short adult height; about 30 cases reported.
Aromatase inhibitor
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs; anastrozole, letrozole, exemestane) are hormone therapy drugs blocking estrogen synthesis, used mainly for postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, superior to tamoxifen in recurrence but causing more fractures and joint pain.
Aromatherapy
Aromatherapy: use of plant essential oils (lavender, tea tree, bergamot) by inhalation or diluted skin application as a complementary health approach; term coined by Gattefossé in 1928; clinical evidence mixed and inconclusive.
Aromatherapy massage
Aromatherapy massage is a complementary therapy in which essential oils diluted in a carrier oil are applied by massage to relieve pain, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and nausea.
Arotinolol
Arotinolol (アロチノロール, Almarl, S-596) is a Japanese third-generation combined alpha/beta-adrenergic blocker (Sumitomo, 1985) used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, and essential tremor, with beta potency about eight times its alpha blockade.
Arousal
Arousal: physiological and psychological responsiveness state spanning sleep to vigilance, driven by brainstem ascending systems (locus coeruleus, basal forebrain, orexin); distinct from attention and valence, and prerequisite for assessing consciousness.
Array comparative genomic hybridization
Array comparative genomic hybridization, or array CGH, is a cytogenetic method that detects DNA copy-number gains and losses genome-wide, with far finer resolution than karyotyping.
Arrhythmia
Arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat): a disorder of heart rate or rhythm from conduction-system faults. Types include bradycardia, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular fibrillation; diagnosed by ECG, treated with drugs, devices, and ablation.
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), formerly ARVC, is an inherited heart muscle disease with fibro-fatty myocardial replacement, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death risk; diagnosed by 1994/2010 Task Force and 2020 Padua criteria.