25,729 articles
Arteriotomy
Arteriotomy is the surgical or percutaneous opening of an artery, used in bypass surgery, valve replacement, and endarterectomy, with arterial access for catheterization first described in 1948.
Arteriovenous fistula
An arteriovenous fistula, also known as an arteriovenous shunt or AV fistula, is an abnormal artery-vein connection; surgically created ones are the most common, mainly for hemodialysis access.
Arteriovenous fistula, acquired
Acquired arteriovenous fistula (ICD-11 BD52.1) is an abnormal artery-vein connection formed after birth, from trauma, iatrogenic injury, or deliberate creation for dialysis (Brescia-Cimino fistula), causing high-output heart failure if untreated.
Arteriovenous malformation
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM): an abnormal tangle of arteries and veins lacking capillaries, mostly in the brain or spinal cord. Key facts: hemorrhage is the first symptom in about 50% of brain AVMs; treatments are surgery, embolization, and radiosurgery; ARUBA favored medical management for unruptured AVMs.
Arteriovenous malformation of stomach
Arteriovenous malformation of stomach (gastric AVM, ICD-11 DA43.2): a rare direct artery-vein connection in the gastric wall causing upper GI bleeding, about 1.4% of intestinal AVMs, treated by endoscopy, embolization, or resection.
Arteriovenous oxygen difference
Arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-v O2 diff, C(a-v)O2): difference between arterial and venous blood oxygen content, about 5 mL/100 mL at rest and 15-20 during exercise; basis of the Fick cardiac output method.
Arterolane (arterolane maleate + piperaquine, Synriam)
Arterolane (OZ277, RBx11160), a fully synthetic trioxolane peroxide antimalarial, marketed with piperaquine as Synriam; first synthetic peroxide antimalarial approved, in India, non-inferior to artemether-lumefantrine.
Arthralgia
Pain in joint (arthralgia, ICD-11 ME82) is joint pain as a symptom, distinguished from arthritis, a diagnosis. Covers terminology, causes, inflammatory versus mechanical patterns, assessment, and treatment.
Arthritis
Arthritis, also called polyarthropathy, is inflammation or degeneration of one or more joints, covering more than 100 conditions that cause joint pain, swelling, and stiffness.
Arthrocentesis
Arthrocentesis, also known as temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis, is a procedure in which a needle is inserted into a joint to withdraw synovial fluid, inject medication, or lavage the joint.
Arthrochalasia Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Arthrochalasia Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (aEDS, formerly EDS type VIIA/VIIB) is a rare autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder from COL1A1 or COL1A2 exon 6 loss, causing congenital bilateral hip dislocation, severe joint hypermobility, and hyperextensible skin; about 50 cases reported.
Arthrodesis
Arthrodesis, or joint fusion, is an operation that permanently fuses the bones on either side of a joint to relieve pain, correct deformity, and stabilize the limb.
Arthroereisis
Arthroereisis is a minimally invasive surgical procedure for flexible flatfoot, mainly in children, in which an implant in the sinus tarsi restores the medial arch without fusing the joint.
Arthrography
Arthrography is an imaging technique in which contrast material is injected into a joint before radiography, CT, or MRI, distending the joint capsule to outline structures such as cartilage and ligaments.
Arthrogryposis
Arthrogryposis, or arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), is a descriptive term for multiple congenital joint contractures in two or more body areas, affecting about 1 in 3000 live births, caused by fetal akinesia and linked to over 400 genes.
Arthrogryposis-oculomotor limitation-electroretinal anomalies syndrome
Arthrogryposis-oculomotor limitation-electroretinal anomalies syndrome, also called distal arthrogryposis type 5 (DA5, OMIM 108145), is a rare PIEZO2-related disorder with congenital limb contractures, ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, strabismus, and abnormal electroretinogram, with normal intelligence.
Arthrogryposis-renal dysfunction-cholestasis syndrome
Arthrogryposis-renal dysfunction-cholestasis (ARC) syndrome, ARCS1/ARCS2, is a rare autosomal recessive neonatal disorder caused by VPS33B or VIPAS39 mutations, featuring joint contractures, Fanconi-type tubulopathy, low-GGT cholestasis, ichthyosis, and platelet defects, usually fatal in infancy.
Arthrolysis
Arthrolysis is a surgical procedure that releases scar tissue, adhesions, and contracted capsule around a stiff joint, most often the elbow or knee, to restore motion.
Arthroplasty
Arthroplasty, or joint replacement, is reconstructive joint surgery replacing damaged surfaces with prostheses, most often hip and knee. Key facts: Glück's 1891 ivory hip implant, Charnley's 1960s cemented low-friction arthroplasty, osteoarthritis as main indication, 95% 14-year hip implant survival.
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Finger
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Finger is surgery that replaces an arthritic or post-traumatic finger joint, usually the MCP or PIP joint, with an artificial implant to relieve pain and preserve motion.
Arthroscopes
Arthroscopes (arthroscopy instruments): thin light-and-video tubes for keyhole joint surgery, pioneered by Takagi and Watanabe's No. 21 scope (1959); randomized trials show no clinically important benefit for degenerative knee disease.
Arthroscopic knee surgery
Arthroscopic knee surgery, or knee arthroscopy, is a minimally invasive procedure using a small camera and instruments through small incisions to treat meniscal tears and ligament injuries.
Arthroscopic lavage
Arthroscopic lavage is a surgical procedure that rinses a joint, most often the knee, with saline through an arthroscope to remove loose particles and inflammatory material.
Arthroscopic reduction
Arthroscopic reduction, also known as arthroscopic-assisted reduction and internal fixation (ARIF), is a minimally invasive technique that realigns fractured joint surfaces under arthroscopic vision, used mainly for tibial plateau and distal radius fractures.
Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair
Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is a minimally invasive operation that reattaches a torn rotator cuff tendon to the humerus through small portals, offering faster recovery than open repair.
Arthroscopic shoulder surgery
Arthroscopic shoulder surgery is a minimally invasive orthopedic technique using a small camera to diagnose and repair the rotator cuff, labrum, and other shoulder structures.
Arthroscopy
Arthroscopy, or arthroscopic surgery, is keyhole joint surgery using an arthroscope camera through 2-3 mm incisions; pioneered by Takagi and Watanabe in Japan, common for knee, shoulder, and hip repairs, but not beneficial for degenerative knee disease.
Arthrotomy
Arthrotomy is the open surgical exploration of a joint, most often performed as an emergency operation to drain septic arthritis, especially of the knee, where arthroscopic washout is now usually tried first.
Arthur B. Sanders
Arthur B. Sanders is an American emergency physician and resuscitation researcher, Professor Emeritus at the University of Arizona, elected to the Institute of Medicine in 2012.
Arthur Earl Walker
Arthur Earl Walker (1907–1995) was a Canadian-born American neurosurgeon and epileptologist who succeeded Walter Dandy as professor of neurological surgery at Johns Hopkins in 1947.