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Arthur Garson Jr.
Arthur Garson Jr. is an American pediatric cardiologist and health policy leader, elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2007 and known for the Grand-Aides program.
Arthur H. Rubenstein
Arthur H. Rubenstein is a South African–trained endocrinologist known for insulin research with Donald Steiner and for deaning Penn's medical school from 2001 to 2011.
Arthur Jones (inventor)
Arthur Allen Jones (1926–2007) was an American inventor and entrepreneur who created the Nautilus exercise machines, introduced in 1970, and High Intensity Training, building the world's largest exercise equipment maker.
Arthur Kaufman
Arthur Kaufman is an American family physician and medical educator at the University of New Mexico, elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2015.
Arthur L. Herbst
Arthur L. Herbst (1931–2023) was an American gynecologic oncologist who chaired obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Chicago and linked prenatal DES exposure to cancer.
Arthur M. Sackler
Arthur M. Sackler (1913–1987), Brooklyn-born psychiatrist, pharmaceutical advertiser, Medical Tribune publisher, and Asian art collector; eldest Sackler brother, died before OxyContin, namesake of the Smithsonian Sackler Gallery.
Arthus reaction
Arthus reaction: local type III hypersensitivity with immune-complex deposition in small-vessel walls; IgG, FcγRIII, complement C5a, neutrophils; vaccine boosters, serum sickness comparison.
Articaine
Articaine (Carticaine) is a thiophene-containing amide dental local anesthetic, synthesized in Germany in 1969 and marketed as 4% solution with epinephrine; meta-analyses show faster onset and better infiltration success than lidocaine with comparable safety.
Articular Arthrometry
Articular arthrometry, also called articular goniometry, is the measurement of joint range of motion with an arthrometer, used to quantify ligamentous laxity and stability, notably after ACL reconstruction surgery.
Articulation index
The articulation index is a psychoacoustic method that estimates speech intelligibility by weighting signal-to-noise ratios across frequency bands, producing a value from 0 to 1.
Artificial cardiac pacemaker
Artificial cardiac pacemaker: implantable device delivering electrical impulses to correct slow or irregular heartbeats. Invented as an implant in 1958 (Elmqvist/Senning) and 1960 (Chardack/Greatbatch); now includes leadless catheter-delivered capsules like Medtronic Micra and Abbott Aveir.
Artificial Cardiac Pacing
Artificial cardiac pacing is the use of an implanted or external pacemaker to deliver electrical stimuli that maintain an effective heart rhythm in bradycardia or heart block.
Artificial cartilage
Artificial cartilage is a synthetic or tissue-engineered material designed to replace or repair articular cartilage, the tissue covering bone ends in joints; polymeric hydrogels dominate research because they mimic its load-bearing and lubricating behavior.
Artificial cartilage hydrogel
An artificial cartilage hydrogel is a water-rich, crosslinked polymer network engineered to replace or regenerate articular cartilage in joints; a 2022 Duke gel was the first to exceed cartilage's strength.
Artificial heart
Artificial heart: an implanted pump replacing the heart's ventricles and valves, used as a bridge to transplant. Key devices: SynCardia TAH (FDA-approved 2004), Jarvik 7, AbioCor, Carmat Aeson, BiVACOR.
Artificial heart valve
Artificial heart valve: prosthetic replacement for diseased native valves, mechanical or biological. First commercial device was the Starr-Edwards caged ball valve, implanted by Albert Starr in 1960; TAVR now delivers tissue valves by catheter.
Artificial kidney
Artificial kidney, or dialyzer, the filter in hemodialysis machines that cleans blood in kidney failure; first practical version by Willem Kolff in 1943; now also wearable and implantable bioartificial devices in development.
Artificial Limbs
Artificial limbs are prosthetic replacements for arms, legs, and parts thereof, fitted after trauma, disease, or surgery; types range from passive cosmetic devices to mechanical and myoelectric bionic limbs.
Artificial Liver
Artificial liver, or extracorporeal liver support: MARS, SPAD, Prometheus, plasma exchange, and bioartificial hepatocyte devices that temporarily filter blood in liver failure to bridge patients to transplant or recovery; survival benefit unproven except plasma exchange in ACLF.
Artificial Organs
Artificial organs: devices replacing non-functioning organ function, from dialysis and the heart-lung machine to total artificial hearts, bioartificial systems, and gene-edited pig organ xenotransplantation now entering first clinical trials.
Artificial Pancreas
Artificial pancreas, also called closed-loop or automated insulin delivery system: CGM, insulin pump, and control algorithm mimicking the pancreas; hybrid systems like MiniMed 780G and Control-IQ improve time in range in type 1 diabetes.
Artificial Pneumoperitoneum
Artificial pneumoperitoneum: deliberate gas insufflation of the peritoneal cavity, usually with carbon dioxide at 12-16 mmHg, to create the working space for laparoscopy; first tried by Mosetig-Moorhof in 1893, formerly used as tuberculosis collapsotherapy.
Artificial Pneumothorax
Artificial pneumothorax, also called therapeutic pneumothorax or lung collapse therapy, is a procedure injecting gas into the pleural cavity to collapse the lung, formerly used to treat tuberculosis.
Artificial respiration
Artificial respiration is the manual or mechanical ventilation of a person's lungs when natural breathing is inadequate or absent, spanning rescue breathing, bag-valve-mask support, and invasive mechanical ventilation.
Artificial Skin
Artificial skin (Skin, Artificial; skin substitutes): bioengineered or synthetic materials, such as Integra, Biobrane, and cultured epithelial autografts, that temporarily or permanently replace skin lost to burns and chronic wounds; vascularization and appendage restoration remain unsolved.
Artificial Urinary Sphincter
Artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), AMS 800, implantable hydraulic prosthesis treating sphincter-deficiency urinary incontinence; first implanted 1973 (AS721, Scott), gold standard for male stress urinary incontinence.
Artificial urinary sphincter implantation
Artificial urinary sphincter implantation is a surgical procedure placing an inflatable cuff, pump, and pressure-regulating balloon around the urethra to restore continence in men with severe stress incontinence.
Artificial ventilation
Artificial ventilation is a medical intervention that mechanically moves gas into and out of the lungs, delivered invasively through a tube or non-invasively through a mask.
ARTS-021 (AVZO-021)
ARTS-021, renamed AVZO-021, is Allorion Therapeutics' oral selective CDK2 inhibitor licensed to Avenzo Therapeutics in 2024; in Phase 1/2 (NCT05867251) for HR+/HER2- breast cancer and CCNE1-amplified solid tumors, investigational, not FDA approved.
Arzoxifene
Arzoxifene (LY353381), an Eli Lilly benzothiophene SERM related to raloxifene, was tested for breast cancer and osteoporosis; inferior to tamoxifen in phase III and never marketed.