25,729 articles
Primary failure of tooth eruption
Primary failure of tooth eruption (PFE), or primary retention of teeth, a rare autosomal dominant disorder (OMIM 125350) in which non-ankylosed posterior teeth fail to erupt without obstruction, linked to PTH1R mutations and resistant to orthodontic force.
Primary familial and congenital erythrocytosis
Primary familial and congenital erythrocytosis (PFCE, ECYT1, primary familial congenital polycythemia) is an autosomal dominant EPOR-gene disorder causing EPO-independent red cell excess, first described in skier Eero Mäntyranta.
Primary Fanconi renotubular syndrome
Primary Fanconi renotubular syndrome (DeToni-Debré-Fanconi syndrome, ORPHA:3337) is a rare genetic proximal tubule disorder causing urinary loss of glucose, amino acids, phosphate, and bicarbonate; genes GATM, EHHADH, SLC34A1; distinct from Fanconi anemia.
Primary female infertility
Primary female infertility (ICD-11 GA31.0) is the failure of a woman ever to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse. Causes include tubal, uterine, ovarian, and endocrine disorders; WHO issued its first infertility guideline in 2025.
Primary gout
Primary gout is gout occurring without an identified acquired cause of high blood urate, such as another disorder or urate-raising drugs; it has risen most in older men.
Primary health care
Primary health care (PHC) is WHO's whole-of-society approach to health, first defined at Alma-Ata (1978) and renewed at Astana (2018), spanning primary care, multisectoral action, and empowered communities as the foundation for universal health coverage.
Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma
Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (PHNEC) is a rare malignant liver tumor made of neuroendocrine cells that arises in the liver rather than spreading from another organ, first reported in 1958.
Primary hypercholesterolaemia
Primary hypercholesterolaemia (ICD-11 5C80.00): genetically driven high cholesterol, including familial hypercholesterolaemia (LDLR, APOB, PCSK9) and polygenic forms, distinguished from secondary causes and treated with statins.
Primary hypereosinophilic syndrome
Primary hypereosinophilic syndrome (neoplastic HES, HES-N, ORPHA:314950, ICD-10 D47.5): clonal, neoplastic stem cell-derived eosinophils causing hypereosinophilia ≥1.5×10^9/L for ≥6 months with organ damage, no secondary cause; treated with TKIs or steroids.
Primary hyperoxaluria
Primary hyperoxaluria (PH1, PH2, PH3; AGXT, GRHPR, HOGA1) is a rare autosomal recessive liver enzyme disorder causing oxalate overproduction, recurrent calcium oxalate stones, kidney failure, and systemic oxalosis; treated with pyridoxine, RNAi drugs lumasiran and nedosiran, and transplantation.
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT): autonomous parathyroid hormone secretion, usually from a single adenoma, causing hypercalcemia; diagnosed biochemically, treated definitively by parathyroidectomy, with cinacalcet for nonsurgical cases.
Primary hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis
Primary hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis, also called FHHNC or Michelis-Castrillo syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive tubular disorder caused by CLDN16 or CLDN19 mutations, producing hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and progressive kidney failure.
Primary hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia
Primary hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia, also called hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia (HSH), is a rare inherited disorder of magnesium absorption that appears in infancy with seizures and tetany.
Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia
Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (Waldmann's disease, PIL) is a rare disorder of dilated intestinal lacteals causing protein-losing enteropathy, edema, and lymphopenia, treated mainly with a low-fat MCT diet.
Primary intra-abdominal hernia
Primary intra-abdominal hernia (internal hernia, ICD-11 DD50.20): congenital herniation of viscera through peritoneal or mesenteric openings inside the abdomen without surgery or trauma; paraduodenal hernias predominate, CT is first-line, strangulation risk is high.
Primary intrahepatic lithiasis
Primary intrahepatic lithiasis (PIHL, primary hepatolithiasis) is a rare disease with stones forming inside intrahepatic bile ducts without known cause, causing recurrent cholangitis; endemic in East Asia, rare in the West, with cholangiocarcinoma risk.
Primary lactase deficiency
Primary lactase deficiency, also called adult-type hypolactasia or lactase nonpersistence, is the genetically programmed post-weaning decline of intestinal lactase affecting about 65-70% of adults worldwide, causing lactose malabsorption and, in roughly half of genetically predisposed people, lactose intolerance symptoms.
Primary lateral sclerosis
Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare, sporadic neurodegenerative disorder of adult upper motor neurons causing slowly progressive spasticity, distinct from ALS by pure UMN involvement, 2020 consensus criteria, and much longer survival.
Primary lesions of pinta
Primary lesions of pinta (ICD-11 1C1E.0) are the initial erythematous, non-ulcerating, scaly papules or plaques of Treponema carateum infection, appearing on exposed skin weeks after inoculation, highly infectious, with regional lymphadenopathy and no systemic symptoms.
Primary lymphedema
Primary lymphedema is a rare genetic swelling disorder from developmental lymphatic defects, including Milroy disease (FLT4), Meige disease (GJC2), and lymphedema-distichiasis (FOXC2), with over 20 known causative genes.
Primary malignant meningioma
Primary malignant meningioma is a WHO grade 3 meningioma, about 1% of cases, historically called anaplastic, with aggressive behavior and average survival of 2 to 3 years.
Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma
Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL, PMLBCL) is an aggressive thymic B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 2-4% of NHL, mainly in women aged 30-40, marked by 9p24.1 JAK2/PD-L1 amplification and treated with R-CHOP or DA-EPOCH-R.
Primary melanoma of the central nervous system
Primary melanoma of the CNS, also called malignant melanoma of the meninges, is an ultra-rare meningeal tumor arising from leptomeningeal melanocytes, diagnosed only when no melanoma exists outside the CNS; GNAQ/GNA11-mutated, 0.07% of intracranial tumors.
Primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (primary MPGN, mesangiocapillary GN) is an ultrarare complement-driven kidney disease (1–3 per million), classified as IC-MPGN or C3 glomerulopathy (C3GN, DDD), with about half of patients reaching kidney failure within 10 years.
Primary motor cortex
Primary motor cortex (M1), Brodmann area 4, in the precentral gyrus; the cortical output area for voluntary movement. Contains Betz cells, somatotopic motor homunculus (Penfield and Boldrey, 1937), corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, contralateral control.
Primary myelofibrosis
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF), also called chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm causing marrow fibrosis, anemia, and splenomegaly; JAK2/CALR/MPL mutations and DIPSS/MIPSS scores guide transplant and JAK-inhibitor treatment.
Primary non-essential cutis verticis gyrata
Primary non-essential cutis verticis gyrata, also called CVG-ID, is a rare genetic disorder with cerebriform scalp folds that cannot be flattened, associated with intellectual disability, epilepsy, and eye abnormalities such as congenital cataract.
Primary non-gestational choriocarcinoma of ovary
Primary non-gestational choriocarcinoma of ovary (NGCO), a rare malignant ovarian germ cell tumor producing hCG, arising without pregnancy, metastasizing to lung, liver, and brain, distinguished from gestational choriocarcinoma by DNA polymorphism analysis and treated with surgery plus BEP chemotherapy.
Primary nursing
Primary nursing is a nursing care delivery model in which one nurse is accountable for a patient's care from admission to discharge, with associate nurses covering absences.
Primary oculocerebral lymphoma
Primary oculocerebral lymphoma, also known as primary vitreoretinal lymphoma, is a rare extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma, usually of diffuse large B-cell type, that affects the eye and central nervous system.