Human health and medicine

Rupatadine

Rupatadine (Rupafin) is a second-generation, once-daily oral antihistamine that blocks both H1 histamine and PAF receptors, used for allergic rhinitis and urticaria; 10 mg dose, CYP3A4-metabolized, desloratadine-forming, ranked highly among oral antihistamines.

Ruplizumab

Ruplizumab (hu5c8, BG9588, ANTOVA), a humanized IgG1 anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody for lupus nephritis and ITP; effective but halted for thromboembolic events caused by FcγRIIa-mediated platelet activation.

Rupture of anterior cruciate ligament

Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL tear): complete tear of the knee ligament connecting femur to tibia, common in pivoting sports; treated by reconstruction or rehabilitation, with debated comparative outcomes.

Rupture of artery

Rupture of an artery, or arterial rupture, is a full-thickness tear of a vessel wall causing hemorrhage. It complicates aneurysm, dissection, and trauma, chiefly in the aorta and intracranial arteries, and is treated by emergency open or endovascular repair.

Rupture of bladder, nontraumatic

Nontraumatic (spontaneous) rupture of the urinary bladder, SRUB: a rare, usually intraperitoneal tear of a weakened, distended bladder, most often linked to alcohol intoxication, diagnosed by CT cystography or laparotomy, treated surgically.

Rupture of posterior cruciate ligament

Rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), the knee ligament preventing backward tibial movement; caused by dashboard or bent-knee trauma, usually treated non-operatively, surgery for combined injuries.

Rupture of pulmonary vessels

Rupture of pulmonary vessels (ICD-11 BB02.2) is tearing of a pulmonary artery or vein allowing blood to escape, usually iatrogenic from Swan-Ganz catheters (0.01-0.47% incidence, ~50% mortality) or ruptured pseudoaneurysm, presenting as hemoptysis and treated by embolization or surgery.

Rural Hospitals

Rural hospitals, also called Hospitals, Rural (MeSH), are hospitals located in rural areas; in the US, 1,797 of 5,121 community hospitals are rural, facing low volumes, payment shortfalls, closures, and mixed quality evidence.

Ruserontinib

Ruserontinib (SKLB1028, CHEMBL3678958) is CSPC ZhongQi's investigational oral multikinase inhibitor of EGFR, FLT3, and Abl (FLT3 IC50 55 nM) in phase 3 trials for FLT3-mutated relapsed/refractory AML and phase 1 solid tumor studies; not approved.

Rusfertide

Rusfertide (Mimrylo, PTG-300) is a first-in-class hepcidin mimetic peptide injected weekly under the skin; FDA approved it August 28, 2026 to treat erythrocytosis in adults with polycythemia vera, based on the phase 3 VERIFY trial.

Ruth Pfau

Ruth Pfau (1929–2017), German physician and Daughters of the Heart of Mary sister, called Pakistan's Mother Teresa; founded Marie Adelaide Leprosy Centre Karachi in 1960 and led Pakistan's National Leprosy Control Programme, achieving WHO leprosy control in 1996.

Ruvalcaba syndrome

Ruvalcaba syndrome (ORPHA:3121, OMIM 180870) is an extremely rare microcephaly-short stature malformation syndrome with fewer than 10 reported cases; distinct from Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, a separate PTEN-related overgrowth disorder.

Ruxolitinib

Ruxolitinib (Jakafi, Opzelura) is a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, first FDA-approved drug for myelofibrosis (2011), also approved for polycythemia vera, GVHD, and topically for atopic dermatitis.

Sep 29, 2026

Ruxolitinib regimen

The ruxolitinib regimen is an oral protocol built around ruxolitinib, a selective JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, given alone or with azacitidine for myelofibrosis, related neoplasms, and graft-versus-host disease.

Ruzaltatug rezetecan

Ruzaltatug rezetecan (瑞康芦泽妥塔单抗, SHR-A2009) is Hengrui's HER3-targeting antibody-drug conjugate with a topoisomerase I inhibitor payload; NDA accepted in China 2026 for EGFR-mutated NSCLC after EGFR TKI failure.

RV1001

RV1001 is an oral, selective PI3Kδ inhibitor developed by Rhizen Pharmaceuticals for canine lymphoma. Phase I/II trials in 56 dogs with B- and T-cell NHL showed 62% and 77% response rates, with manageable hepatotoxicity as the dose-limiting toxicity.

rWGS trial

rWGS trials, chiefly NSIGHT1 and NSIGHT2, are randomized controlled trials of rapid whole-genome sequencing in critically ill infants, showing 31% versus 3% diagnosis within 28 days, changed management in about a quarter, and cost savings.

Ryan White

Ryan White (1971–1990) was an Indiana teenager with hemophilia who contracted AIDS from contaminated Factor VIII treatment, was barred from school in Kokomo, and became the namesake of the Ryan White CARE Act, the largest federal HIV care program.

RYTHMIC study

RYTHMIC study: 2024 RYTHMIC/ITMIG reproducibility study of pT staging of thymic epithelial tumors under the 8th UICC/AJCC TNM system; none of 15 cases agreed by all experts, kappa rose 0.13 to 0.48.

S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency

S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency (AHCY deficiency, SAHH deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive methionine metabolism disorder causing elevated SAH, SAM, myopathy, liver dysfunction, and developmental delay, with roughly 15 reported cases.

S-antigen

S-antigen (retinal S-antigen, 48-kDa protein, arrestin-1, gene Sag) is a retinal photoreceptor protein that binds light-activated phosphorylated rhodopsin to shut off phototransduction, first identified in 1977 as a uveitis-inducing autoantigen.

S. I. Padmavati

S. I. Padmavati (Sivaramakrishna Iyer Padmavati), India's first female cardiologist; founded the All India Heart Foundation (1962) and National Heart Institute (1981), set up North India's first cath lab, and received the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan.

S. Richardson Hill Jr.

S. Richardson Hill Jr. (1923–2003) was an American endocrinologist who served as the second president of the University of Alabama at Birmingham from 1977 to 1987.

SA030

SA030 (SA-030) is SiranBio's Stork-F adipose-targeted siRNA silencing ALK7 (ACVR1C) for obesity and cardiometabolic disease; in Phase I in Australia (NCT07479862) and licensed worldwide ex-Greater China by GSK in May 2026 for up to $1 billion.

SAAS study

Seinäjoki Adult Asthma Study (SAAS), a Finnish single-center 12-year follow-up cohort of 257 adults with new-onset asthma diagnosed 1999–2002; 203 followed, showing 3% remission and predictors of poor control.

Sabatolimab

Sabatolimab (MBG453) is Novartis' humanized IgG4 anti-TIM-3 monoclonal antibody investigated for MDS and AML; its STIMULUS phase II/III program missed primary endpoints and development was terminated in December 2023.

Sabin-strain inactivated poliovirus vaccine

Sabin-strain inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) is IPV made from attenuated Sabin strains instead of wild Salk strains, lowering biosafety risk; first licensed in China in 2015, WHO-prequalified since 2022, immunologically non-inferior to Salk IPV.

Saccade

Saccade: rapid ballistic eye movement (up to ~500 deg/s, under 100 ms) shifting gaze between targets onto the fovea; also called saccadic eye movement. Controlled by brainstem burst neurons, superior colliculus, and frontal eye field; kinematics follow the main sequence.

Saccharopinuria

Saccharopinuria (hyperlysinemia type II, saccharopine dehydrogenase deficiency, OMIM 268700) is a rare autosomal recessive lysine catabolism disorder from an AASS SDH-domain defect, causing elevated blood and CSF lysine and urinary saccharopine.