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Bacteraemia
Bacteraemia, or bacteremia, is the presence of viable bacteria in the bloodstream, detected by positive blood culture (ICD-11 MA15.0). Distinct from sepsis; classified as transient, sustained, or persistent; commonly caused by E. coli and S. aureus.
Bacterial encephalitis
Bacterial encephalitis (ICD-11 1D00.0) is rare bacterial infection-caused inflammation of brain tissue, mainly Listeria monocytogenes and tuberculosis; in-hospital mortality 12.9%, treated with urgent antibiotics.
Bacterial Load
Bacterial load is the quantity of bacteria in a sample such as blood, sputum, or a wound, measured by culture or qPCR and often linked to mortality risk.
Bacterial meningitis
Bacterial meningitis: infection of the brain and spinal cord lining, also called bacterial infection of the meninges. Caused by S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, Hib, GBS; treated with urgent antibiotics; vaccines cut US incidence 55%.
Bacterial myelitis
Bacterial myelitis (ICD-11 1D02.0) is spinal cord inflammation caused by bacteria, commonly Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Treponema pallidum, or Brucella, causing paraparesis, sensory loss, and sphincter dysfunction.
Bacterial myositis
Bacterial myositis (purulent or suppurative myositis, ORPHA:206994, ICD-10 M60.0) is a rare acquired skeletal muscle disease: diffuse bacterial muscle infection without intramuscular abscess, mostly streptococcal, causing pain, swelling, weakness, rhabdomyolysis, myonecrosis, or gangrene.
Bacterial pneumonia
Bacterial pneumonia, a lung infection in which bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae invade the alveoli; leading infectious killer of children, treated with antibiotics like amoxicillin, prevented by pneumococcal vaccines.
Bacterial Typing Techniques
Bacterial typing techniques are laboratory procedures for distinguishing strains within a bacterial species, spanning phenotypic methods (serotyping, phage typing, biotyping) and genotypic methods (PFGE, MLST, WGS), used in outbreak investigation and surveillance.
Bacterial vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a vaginal dysbiosis replacing Lactobacillus with Gardnerella and anaerobic biofilm bacteria, is the most common cause of vaginal discharge; treated with metronidazole or clindamycin, it recurs in over 50% of women.
Bacteriological Techniques
Bacteriological techniques are the laboratory methods used to detect, grow, and identify bacteria, ranging from Gram staining and culture to PCR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
Baculum
Baculum (os penis, penis bone): heterotopic bone in the penis of many placental mammals, notably carnivores, rodents, bats, and most primates but not humans; evolved independently at least nine times, lost at least ten times, used in systematics and sex identification.
Bad breath
Halitosis (bad breath, oral malodour): foul exhaled odor, 80-90% intra-oral from tongue coating and periodontal bacteria producing volatile sulfur compounds; 5-20% extra-oral, sometimes signaling systemic disease.
Bad trip
Bad trip, also called challenging experience or acute psychedelic crisis: intense fear, anxiety, or paranoia during psychedelic intoxication (psilocybin, LSD, DMT). 39% of psilocybin users rate their worst as a lifetime top-five challenge; 2.6% seek medical help.
Bag valve mask
Bag valve mask (BVM), or Ambu bag, manual resuscitator: hand-held self-inflating bag, one-way valve, and mask for positive pressure ventilation; invented 1953 by Hesse and Ruben, marketed 1956, standard in CPR and respiratory emergencies.
BAG3-related myofibrillar myopathy
BAG3-related myofibrillar myopathy (MFM6, Bag3opathy), a rare autosomal dominant muscle disease from BAG3 mutations, usually de novo p.Pro209Leu, causing childhood-onset weakness, rigid spine, cardiomyopathy, respiratory failure, and neuropathy.
Bagassosis
Bagassosis, also known as bagasse disease or bagasse workers' lung, is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis of the lungs caused by inhaling dust from stored bagasse, the fibrous residue of sugar cane.
Baihe Dihuang Tang
百合地黄汤 (Baihe Dihuang Tang, Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction), a classical Chinese medicine formula from Zhang Zhongjing's Jin Gui Yaolue, made of lily bulb and fresh Rehmannia juice to treat baihe disease (yin deficiency internal heat); now studied for depression, anxiety, and insomnia.
Baihu Jia Renshen Tang
白虎加人参汤 (Baihu Jia Renshen Tang, White Tiger Decoction plus Ginseng), a Shanghan Lun formula of gypsum, zhimu, licorice, rice, and ginseng for qi-and-fluid injury with intense heat; studied in type 2 diabetes and sold as a Japanese kampo extract.
Bainbridge reflex
Bainbridge reflex (atrial reflex): heart rate rises when venous return and atrial stretch increase, via vagal afferents to the medulla and vagal withdrawal plus sympathetic outflow. Described by F. A. Bainbridge in 1915 in dogs; weaker in humans; linked to respiratory sinus arrhythmia.
Bainbridge-Ropers syndrome
Bainbridge-Ropers syndrome, or ASXL3-related disorder (OMIM 615485), is a rare autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder from de novo truncating ASXL3 (18q12.1) variants, causing severe developmental delay, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, and distinctive facial features.
Baker Act
Baker Act, the Florida Mental Health Act (Chapter 394, F.S., 1971, named for Rep. Maxine Baker), governs involuntary mental health examination: 72-hour hold, three initiation routes, 2024 HB 7021 reforms.
Baker's cyst
Baker's cyst, also called a popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled swelling behind the knee caused by excess joint fluid, often from arthritis or a meniscus tear.
Bala caturbhadrika cirna
Bālacāturbhadrikā cūrṇa (Balchaturbhadra churna) is a classical Ayurvedic pediatric powder of four equal herbs, Cyperus rotundus, Piper longum, Aconitum heterophyllum, and Pistacia integerrima, used for childhood fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and cough.
Bala Nista
Bala Nista concerns Bala (Sida cordifolia, Malvaceae), a classical Ayurvedic herb used for Vata, neuro-muscular, respiratory, and debility indications; contains ephedrine, so extracts carry stimulant risk.
Bala Taila
Bala Taila (Bala oil) is a classical Ayurvedic medicated sesame oil processed with Sida cordifolia (Bala), used internally and externally for Vata, neurological, musculoskeletal, and reproductive disorders; variants include Ksheerabala Taila (with milk) and Mahabala Tailam (Bhaishajya Ratnavali).
Balacaturbhadrika curna
Balacaturbhadrika curna (Bālacāturbhadrikā Cūrṇa, Balachaturbhadra Churna) is a classical Ayurvedic pediatric powder of four equal herbs, musta, pippali, ativisha, and karkatashringi, first recorded in Chakradatta and used for childhood diarrhea, vomiting, cough, and fever.
Baladhatryadi taila
Baladhatryadi taila (Balādhātryādi taila) is a classical Ayurvedic medicated sesame oil from Sahasra Yoga, AFI formulation AFI000034, made with Bala, amla, licorice, sandalwood, milk, and juices; used for head, eye, and Pitta–Vata disorders via Abhyanga, Nasya, and Pana.
Balaglitazone
Balaglitazone (DRF-2593) is a thiazolidinedione PPARγ partial agonist developed by Dr. Reddy's and Novo Nordisk for type 2 diabetes; its phase III BALLET trial showed HbA1c lowering with less edema than pioglitazone, but it was never marketed.
Balagulikacyadi Taila
Balagulikacyadi Taila, more commonly spelled Balaguluchyadi Tailam, is a classical Ayurvedic medicated oil made from Bala and Guduchi herbs in a sesame-oil base, applied externally for gout, arthritis, and joint pain.
Balahathadi taila
Balahathadi taila (Balahatadi Thailam), a Kerala Ayurvedic medicated sesame oil from Sahasrayogam with bala, amalaki, guduchi, sandalwood, costus, and licorice; used externally for headache (Shirashula) via Shiro Abhyanga and Nasya.