Human health and medicine

Benign neoplasm of tonsil

Benign neoplasm of tonsil (ICD-11 2E90.4, ICD-10 D10.4): rare non-malignant tonsillar tumors, most commonly squamous papilloma; diagnosed histologically, treated by surgical excision.

Benign nocturnal alternating hemiplegia of childhood

Benign nocturnal alternating hemiplegia of childhood (BNAHC) is a rare neurologic disorder in which young children have sleep attacks of one-sided paralysis with normal development.

Benign osteogenic tumours (ICD-11 2E83) are non-cancerous bone-forming neoplasms: osteoma, osteoid osteoma, and osteoblastoma, defined by tumour cells producing osteoid or mature bone, with nocturnal NSAID-responsive pain and radiofrequency ablation treatment.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (BPPV), also called benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, is an inner-ear disorder where displaced otoconia in the semicircular canals cause brief positional vertigo; diagnosed by Dix-Hallpike, treated with the Epley maneuver.

Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood with ataxia

Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood with ataxia (Ouvrier-Billson syndrome, ORPHA:1179, OMIM 168885) is a rare infantile paroxysmal movement disorder with sustained upward eye deviation, downbeating saccades, ataxia, and spontaneous resolution within 1-2 years.

Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy

Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy (BPT) is a rare, self-limiting paroxysmal dystonia causing recurrent head-tilt episodes in infants, first described by Snyder in 1969, linked to migraine and CACNA1A mutations, resolving by about age 5.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or enlarged prostate, is non-cancerous prostate growth causing lower urinary tract symptoms in aging men; treated with alpha blockers, 5-ARIs, combination therapy, or surgery.

Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis

Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC, Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive liver disease with recurrent cholestatic jaundice and pruritus from ATP8B1 or ABCB11 mutations, resolving without cirrhosis.

Benign recurrent meningitis

Benign recurrent meningitis, or Mollaret's meningitis (benign recurrent lymphocytic/aseptic meningitis), is a rare syndrome of self-limiting 2–7 day aseptic meningitis attacks with Mollaret's cells in CSF, often linked to HSV-2, recurring over years without sequelae.

Benign sleep myoclonus of infancy

Benign sleep myoclonus of infancy, or benign neonatal sleep myoclonus (ICD-11 7A85), is a nonepileptic disorder with rhythmic jerks only during sleep in newborns, stopping on arousal, with normal EEG and resolution by 6 months in 95%.

Benign tumor

Benign tumor (benign neoplasm): a noncancerous mass of abnormal cells that grows slowly, does not invade nearby tissue or metastasize, and usually needs only monitoring or surgical removal. Common types include lipomas, adenomas, fibroids, and hemangiomas.

Benign vascular neoplasms

Benign vascular neoplasms (ICD-11 2E81) are non-cancerous tumors of blood or lymph vessels, including hemangiomas, lymphatic neoplasms, and glomus tumors, distinguished from vascular malformations by clonal endothelial proliferation.

Benign vascular tumors of the spleen

Benign vascular tumors of the spleen are noncancerous masses arising from splenic blood vessels, including hemangioma, hamartoma, lymphangioma, and the rare SANT, first reported in 2004.

Benjamin A. Cosgrove

Benjamin A. Cosgrove (1926–2006) was an American aeronautical engineer who spent 44 years at Boeing and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1992.

Benjamin Rush

Benjamin Rush (1745–1813), American physician, Declaration of Independence signer, and professor at the University of Pennsylvania; father of American psychiatry, notorious for depletion therapy (calomel, jalap, bloodletting) in the 1793 yellow fever epidemic.

Benmelstobart

Benmelstobart (TQB2450, CBT-502, APL502) is a humanized IgG1 anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody from Chia Tai Tianqing, NMPA-approved from April 2024 for small-cell lung cancer, endometrial, kidney, and stage III NSCLC, mainly combined with anlotinib.

Bennet Omalu

Bennet Ifeakandu Omalu, Nigerian-American forensic neuropathologist born 1968, identified CTE in NFL player Mike Webster's brain in 2002, fought NFL denial, inspired the film Concussion, and was later criticized for overstating CTE risks.

Benorilate

Benorilate (benorylate, Benoral) is a mutual prodrug ester of aspirin and paracetamol, hydrolyzed by esterases, used for rheumatic pain, dosed twice daily, with better gastric tolerance than aspirin; it lacks FDA approval.

Benoxinate

Benoxinate (oxybuprocaine) is a 0.4% topical ester ophthalmic anesthetic for tonometry, gonioscopy, and foreign body removal; onset about 1 minute, duration about 20 minutes; prolonged use causes corneal toxicity.

Benperidol

Benperidol (R-4584, Anquil, Glianimon) is a potent butyrophenone antipsychotic, a selective D2 antagonist marketed since 1966, used for schizophrenia in a few European countries and in the UK for deviant sexual behavior, with almost no randomized efficacy evidence.

Benralizumab

Benralizumab (Fasenra) is a humanized afucosylated anti-IL-5 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody by AstraZeneca that depletes eosinophils via ADCC; approved 2017-2018 for severe eosinophilic asthma, EGPA, and hypereosinophilic syndrome, dosed 30 mg subcutaneously every 4 weeks then every 8 weeks.

Bent bone dysplasias

Bent bone dysplasias (ICD-11 LD24.C) are rare genetic skeletal disorders with bent long bones, poor skull mineralization, craniosynostosis, and osteopenia. FGFR2-related bent bone dysplasia (BBDS1) is perinatal-lethal; BBDS2 involves LAMA5; campomelic dysplasia is also grouped here.

Bent-over row

Bent-over row: a compound horizontal pull done from a hip-hinged stance, working lats, trapezius, rhomboids, and rear delts while the lower back stabilizes; also called barbell row, with dumbbell, Pendlay, T-bar, and chest-supported variations.