727 articles
Glomeromycota classification and orders
Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF) is a fungal phylum proposed in 2001, whose classification grew from one order (Glomales, 1990) to four orders (2013 consensus) and nine orders, 26 families, about 60 genera by 2026.
Glomus (fungus)
Glomus, a genus of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (phylum Glomeromycota, family Glomeraceae; type species Glomus macrocarpum) forming root symbioses; historically the largest AMF genus, now known to be non-monophyletic, with species delimited by phosphate transporter genes and many species renamed, e.g. G. intraradices to Rhizophagus.
Glossary of lichen terms
Glossary of lichen terms: specialized vocabulary for lichen identification, covering mycobiont and photobiont, thallus structure, growth forms (crustose, foliose, fruticose), apothecia, soredia, isidia, and TLC chemistry.
Gomphaceae
Gomphaceae Donk (1961) is a family of basidiomycete fungi in the order Gomphales, uniting coral fungi (Ramaria), false truffles (Gautieria), and gomphoid genera such as Gomphus and Turbinellus, defined by cyanophilic spores and a ferric-sulfate-positive hymenium.
Gomphales
Gomphales is an order of basidiomycete fungi in Agaricomycetes, subclass Phallomycetidae, proposed by Jülich in 1981; includes coral fungi (Ramaria), fairy clubs, and false truffles, with ferric-positive hymenia, chiastic basidia, and Cretaceous-aged gomphoid lineages.
Grifola
Grifola is a genus of poroid, white-rotting polypore fungi (Polyporales, Grifolaceae) established by Gray in 1821; its type species Grifola frondosa is the edible maitake or hen-of-the-woods mushroom.
Grifola frondosa
Grifola frondosa, maitake or hen-of-the-woods, is an edible Polyporales fungus forming large rosettes of grey-brown caps at oak bases, studied for beta-glucan polysaccharides such as the D-fraction.
Gymnopus dryophilus
Gymnopus dryophilus (russet toughshank, formerly Collybia dryophila) is a hygrophanous, white-gilled litter mushroom in Omphalotaceae, common in European and North American forests and known as a cryptic species complex.
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae, cedar-apple rust, is a heteroecious rust fungus alternating between junipers and apple-family hosts, producing orange gelatinous galls on cedar and leaf spots on apple.
Gyromitra esculenta
Gyromitra esculenta, the false morel (stenmurkla, korvasieni), is an ascomycete Discinaceae mushroom containing gyromitrin, which metabolizes to monomethylhydrazine; sold with warnings in Nordic countries, detoxified by parboiling, lethal raw.
H minus
H minus (h−) is the minus mating type of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, defined by the mat1-M allele on chromosome II; it secretes M-factor pheromone, is stable in strain 972, and mates only with h plus cells.
H plus
h+ (h plus, P or plus mating type) is the plus heterothallic mating type of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, an allele state of mat1; strain 975 h+ expresses mat2-P genes, secretes P-factor, and mates only with h− cells.
Hallucinogenic bolete mushroom
Hallucinogenic bolete mushrooms, chiefly Lanmaoa asiatica of Yunnan and Boletus manicus of Papua New Guinea, cause hallucinations of little people when undercooked, with no identified psychedelic compound.
Hanseniaspora
Hanseniaspora (anamorph Kloeckera) is a genus of apiculate, bipolarly budding ascomycete yeasts in Saccharomycodaceae, named in 1912; H. uvarum dominates early wine fermentation, and species show genome reduction and gene loss.
Hebeloma
Hebeloma, brown-spored ectomycorrhizal agaric genus (Hymenogastraceae/Cortinariaceae), notoriously hard to identify; 120+ species, ~9,000-collection database, hebeloma.org AI identifier.
Helge Thorsten Lumbsch
Helge Thorsten Lumbsch (born 1964, Frankfurt) is a German lichenologist, Chief Scientific Officer and Curator of Lichens at the Field Museum, Chicago; over 590 papers, 280+ new lichen species, Acharius Medal 2026.
Helicobasidium
Helicobasidium (violet root rot fungi) is a genus of Pucciniomycetes basidiomycetes in Helicobasidiales; species such as H. purpureum and H. mompa cause violet root rot of crops, while their Tuberculina asexual stage parasitizes rust fungi.
Helminthosporium
Helminthosporium (Link 1809) is a genus of mitosporic ascomycete fungi in Massarinaceae, type species H. velutinum; once a huge catch-all genus whose grass parasites were split into Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, and Exserohilum.
Hericium
Hericium, the toothed or lion's mane fungi (Pers., 1794; Hericiaceae, Russulales), a genus of white-rot wood-decomposing mushrooms with spiny fruit bodies; about 17 species including H. erinaceus, edible and medicinally studied.
Hericium erinaceus
Hericium erinaceus, the lion's mane or yamabushitake mushroom, is an edible basidiomycete fungus whose erinacines and hericenones stimulate NGF and BDNF; clinical evidence for cognitive benefit remains limited.
Heterobasidiomycetes
Heterobasidiomycetes: historical basidiomycete group with septate (phragmo)basidia, jelly fungi, rusts, and smuts, defined by Patouillard; now abandoned as polyphyletic after molecular phylogenetics.
Heterodermia
Heterodermia (Trevis.) is a pantropical genus of foliose to subfruticose lichens in family Physciaceae, split from Anaptychia by Poelt (1965); smooth brown 1-septate spores, constant atranorin, on bark, rock, or wood.
Histoplasma
Histoplasma, notably Histoplasma capsulatum, is a thermally dimorphic soil fungus causing histoplasmosis, concentrated in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys; inhaled microconidia convert to yeast at 37 °C, with antigen testing guiding diagnosis.
History of penicillin
The history of penicillin runs from Alexander Fleming's 1928 discovery that a Penicillium mold killed bacteria, through Oxford's first clinical trials in 1941, to industrial production by 1945.
Hohenbuehelia
Hohenbuehelia (Nematoctonus) is a genus of nematode-trapping pleurotoid fungi in Pleurotaceae, sister to Pleurotus, with about 50 accepted species, gelatinous cap flesh, and metuloid cystidia.
How to Change Your Mind
How to Change Your Mind is Michael Pollan's 2018 book on the history, neuroscience, and therapeutic promise of psychedelics, blending science writing with his own guided experiences; adapted into a 2022 four-part Netflix docuseries covering LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, and mescaline.
Human uses of Cladonia lichens
Cladonia lichens, the shrub-like genus including reindeer lichens, serve as reindeer forage, sources of medicinal and dye compounds, and decorative material for crafts, models, and floral arrangements.
Hydnaceae
Hydnaceae (Chevall., 1826), also treated as Cantharellaceae, is a family of Cantharellales basidiomycete fungi containing chanterelles, Craterellus, and Hydnum; seventeen genera confirmed, mostly ectomycorrhizal, edible, worldwide.
Hydnellum peckii
Hydnellum peckii, the bleeding tooth fungus or strawberries and cream, is an inedible Bankeraceae tooth fungus whose young caps exude red droplets and whose peppery flesh contains the anticoagulant atromentin; it grows mycorrhizally with conifers in North America and Europe.
Hydrolyzed yeast
Hydrolyzed yeast, including enzymatically hydrolyzed and autolyzed Saccharomyces cerevisiae products such as DNF-10, is yeast broken into peptides and amino acids for flavoring, nutrition, feed, and cosmetics; FDA issued no-questions letter GRN 1033 in 2023.