727 articles
Epidemiology of microsporidiosis
Epidemiology of microsporidiosis: distribution and burden of human microsporidia infections (Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon spp.), transmitted by water, fecal-oral, and zoonotic routes; 12% pooled prevalence in HIV/AIDS, 2–70% pre-ART, declining with antiretroviral therapy.
Epidermophyton
Epidermophyton (Sabour., 1907) is a dermatophyte fungus genus in Arthrodermataceae with one accepted species, E. floccosum, an anthropophilic cause of tinea cruris and tinea pedis; ITS analysis keeps it a separate genus, β-tubulin places it in Nannizzia.
Ergine
Ergine, also called lysergic acid amide (LSA) or d-lysergamide, is a natural ergot alkaloid psychedelic in Convolvulaceae seeds (Hawaiian baby woodrose, morning glory), structurally similar to LSD, causing euphoria, hallucinations, nausea, and anxiety, with possible cluster headache benefit.
Ergoline
Ergoline is the tetracyclic indoloquinoline core of ergot alkaloids from Claviceps fungi, also called ergolines; basis of ergotamine, ergometrine, LSD, and dopamine agonists like bromocriptine and cabergoline.
Ergonovine
Ergonovine (ergometrine, ergobasine) is a lysergic acid ergot alkaloid uterotonic used as a second-line drug for postpartum hemorrhage; discovered 1932-1935, first synthesized 1938, contraindicated in hypertension.
Ergosterol (β-ol)
Ergosterol (β-ol), 24R-methyl-cholesta-5,7,22-trienol, is the principal membrane sterol of most fungi, absent in mammals, target of azoles, allylamines, and polyenes, and the UV-converted precursor of vitamin D2.
Ergot
Ergot, fungi of the genus Claviceps (especially Claviceps purpurea), replaces grass and cereal seeds with toxic sclerotia; cause of ergotism or St. Anthony's fire and source of drugs like ergotamine and LSD.
Ergot sclerotium
Ergot sclerotium (Secale cornutum): the dark overwintering body of Claviceps purpurea replacing rye ovaries, containing 0.15-0.5% ergot alkaloids, cause of ergotism and source of pharmaceutical alkaloids.
Ergotism
Ergotism, or St Anthony's Fire, is poisoning from ergot alkaloids of Claviceps purpurea in rye, causing vasoconstriction, burning pain, and gangrene; now rare and mostly iatrogenic from ergotamine drugs.
Erik Acharius
Erik Acharius (1757–1819), Swedish physician and last pupil of Linnaeus, founder and "father of lichenology"; author of Methodus (1803), Lichenographia universalis (1810), and Synopsis methodica lichenum (1814), who created the first rational classification of lichens.
Erysiphaceae
Erysiphaceae (powdery mildews) is a family of obligate biotrophic ascomycete fungi in Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, infecting about 10,000 angiosperm species; about 820 species in 19 genera, including Erysiphe, Blumeria, and Podosphaera.
Erysiphales
Erysiphales, the powdery mildews (Erysiphaceae), are obligate biotrophic ascomycete plant pathogens in Leotiomycetes, with about 16-17 genera and 900 species infecting over 9,800 angiosperm hosts; taxonomy was drastically revised in 2002 using DNA data.
Erysiphe
Erysiphe is the largest genus of powdery mildew fungi, obligate plant pathogens growing as white colonies on leaves and causing diseases on more than 10,000 host species.
Eurotium
Eurotium, a former genus of xerophilic ascomycete fungi now synonymized under Aspergillus section Aspergillus, forms yellow cleistothecia with lenticular ascospores, spoils dried foods and stored grain at water activity down to about 0.70, and produces no highly toxic mycotoxins.
Evolution of fungi
Evolution of fungi: from aquatic flagellated ancestors to terrestrial hyphal lineages; arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses with 70-90% of land plants, 407-million-year-old Rhynie chert fossils, and mushroom diversification.
Exidia
Exidia (Fr., 1822) is a genus of gelatinous jelly fungi in the Auriculariales, typified by Exidia glandulosa, with over 70 species, longitudinally septate basidia, and drought-reviving fruit bodies.
Exidia glandulosa
Exidia glandulosa (black witch's butter, black jelly roll) is a black gelatinous Auriculariales fungus, type species of Exidia, forming warty cushions on dead oak and other hardwood; spores allantoid, spore print white, inedible.
Exobasidiomycetes
Exobasidiomycetes (Exobasidiomycetidae) is a class of smut fungi and allies in Ustilaginomycotina, Basidiomycota, with seven orders including Exobasidiales and Tilletiales; the class is paraphyletic.
Exophiala
Exophiala, black yeast genus (Chaetothyriales) of melanized fungi from warm, humid habitats; species such as E. dermatitidis cause skin disease, cystic fibrosis colonization, and rare fungemia with about 34% mortality.
Fairy ring
Fairy ring, also called fairy circle or elf ring, is a ring or arc of mushrooms or altered grass caused by radially growing soil fungi such as Marasmius oreades, producing green, dead, or mushroom-only rings through nitrogen release and soil hydrophobicity.
Field identification of mushrooms
Field identification of mushrooms is the craft of identifying a mushroom from visible features like cap shape, gill attachment, stem, odor, taste, and habitat, usually with a field key.
Flammulina
Flammulina is a genus of slimy-capped agaric fungi in Physalacriaceae, source of cultivated enoki (F. filiformis) and the European velvet shank (F. velutipes), with deadly Galerina lookalikes.
Flora of the Australian Capital Territory
Flora of the Australian Capital Territory: the plants, fungi, and lichens of the ACT around Canberra, documented in the CANB-based Census (2,866 species, 2019) and protected under the Nature Conservation Act 2014.
Flora of Western Australia
Flora of Western Australia: about 13,000 vascular plant species, ~10,000 named, centered on the Southwest Australian Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot; documented by the Western Australian Herbarium, WA Plant Census, and Florabase.
Foliose lichen
Foliose lichen: leaf-like lichen growth form with flat lobes, distinct upper and lower surfaces, rhizine attachment, 0.5–4 mm/yr radial growth; distinct from crustose and fruticose forms; used in air-quality bioindication.
Fossil and evolutionary record of Glomeromycota
The fossil record of Glomeromycota, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiotic with about 85% of plant species, includes unequivocal arbuscules in Early Devonian plants from Scotland's Rhynie chert.
Foxfire
Foxfire, also called fairy fire, is the green bioluminescent glow (520–530 nm) from fungi such as Armillaria in decaying wood, produced via the Caffeic Acid Cycle luciferin pathway.
Frank Dobson (lichenologist)
Frank S. Dobson, British lichenologist and photographer, author of Lichens: An Illustrated Guide to the British and Irish Species (1979–2018), President of the British Lichen Society 1992–1994, Honorary Member 1997, Ursula Duncan award 2005.
Freshwater lichens by region
Freshwater lichens are lichen-forming fungi found in and along watercourses, with about 200 species known worldwide, most unable to survive constant immersion and knowledge biased toward temperate regions.
Fruticose lichen
Fruticose lichen: a lichen growth form with a three-dimensional, erect or pendulous, shrubby or beard-like thallus (e.g., Usnea, Cladonia), attached at one point, growing 1.5–5 mm per year at the tips, distinct from crustose and foliose forms.