727 articles
Diagnosis of microsporidiosis
Diagnosis of microsporidiosis is the laboratory detection of microsporidia, which relies on special stains, PCR, and microscopy because the tiny 1–5 micrometer spores are missed by routine parasitology.
Dictyonema
Dictyonema, established in 1822, is a genus of lichen-forming basidiomycete fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae, best known for blue-green, bracket-like or filamentous thalli in tropical forests. The same name belongs to an extinct Paleozoic graptolite genus.
Dictyonema clade
The Dictyonema clade is a lineage of lichenized basidiomycete fungi and the largest group of basidiolichens, with hundreds of mostly Neotropical species in the genera Dictyonema, Cora, Corella, Cyphellostereum, and Acantholichen.
Dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine (DHE) is a semi-synthetic ergot alkaloid drug used for the acute treatment of migraine and cluster headache, first synthesized in 1943 and approved in 1946.
Dikaryon
Dikaryon: a fungal cell or hypha with two genetically distinct haploid nuclei, one from each parent, in a 1:1 ratio; the persistent vegetative phase of most basidiomycetes, maintained by clamp connections until karyogamy in the basidium.
Dimorphism and virulence traits of pathogenic yeasts
Dimorphism and virulence traits of pathogenic yeasts: the yeast-hypha switch in Candida albicans and thermodimorphic fungi (Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides), its regulation by temperature and signaling pathways, and roles in invasion, biofilms, and dissemination.
Disseminated and systemic microsporidiosis
Disseminated and systemic microsporidiosis is microsporidia infection, most often from Encephalitozoon species, spreading beyond the gut to kidneys, lungs, or brain in profoundly immunosuppressed people.
Earliella
Earliella Murrill is a monotypic genus of Polyporales (Polyporaceae) bracket fungi whose single species, Earliella scabrosa, is pantropical, shows high haplotype diversity (Hd 0.88) across five geographic populations, and yields antifungal compounds active against rubberwood decay fungi.
Earthstar morphology and development
Earthstar morphology and development describes how earthstar fungi are constructed and develop: a three-layered exoperidium splits into rays that lift the spore sac, and raindrops pump spores out passively.
Ecology and habitats of Cladonia lichens
The ecology and habitats of Cladonia lichens cover their growth on soil, wood, and rocks, with reindeer lichen mats building slowly on acidic, nutrient-poor heath and boreal forest soils.
Ecology of Ganoderma
Ecology of Ganoderma: a genus of 191–400 white rot wood-decaying fungi worldwide, decomposers of woody debris and root/butt rot pathogens of trees and crops, with laccase-dominated lignin degradation and disjunct biogeography.
Ecology of jelly fungi
The ecology of jelly fungi covers wood-decaying basidiomycetes, including saprotrophic Auricularia species and mycoparasitic Tremella, whose gelatinous fruit bodies survive repeated drying and release spores after rain.
Ecology of milk-cap fungi (Lactarius and Lactifluus)
Milk-cap fungi, the closely related genera Lactarius and Lactifluus, are ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes with well over 650 species worldwide, partnering with trees from temperate forests to the tropics.
Ectomycorrhiza
Ectomycorrhiza (ECM), also called ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, is a fungus-root partnership marked by a mantle and Hartig net, trading soil nitrogen for plant carbon in most temperate and boreal forest trees.
Edibility assessment and lookalike discrimination of wild mushrooms
Edibility assessment of wild mushrooms: deciding if a foraged fungus is safe to eat and separating edible species from toxic lookalikes like the death cap; no rule of thumb exists, cooking does not detoxify, and AI apps misidentify most specimens.
Edible mushroom
Edible mushrooms (食用菌) are fungal fruit bodies used as food, wild or cultivated. Only about 200 of 14,000 mushroom species are edible; Agaricus bisporus is the most cultivated, China produces ~94% globally.
Edvard August Vainio
Edvard August Vainio (Wainio, 1853–1929), Finnish lichenologist, author of Monographia Cladoniarum universalis (1887–1897) and pioneer of phylogenetic lichen classification; curator of herbarium TUR, Turku.
Effector TSP1
Effector TSP1 (Tsp1) is a small secreted cysteine-rich effector protein of the fungus Trichoderma virens, structurally a dimeric beta-barrel related to Alt a1 and PevD1, that induces salicylic acid mediated susceptibility in maize.
Encephalitozoon
Encephalitozoon is a genus of microsporidian fungi, intracellular parasites of mammals and birds; species E. cuniculi, E. hellem, and E. intestinalis infect rabbits, birds, and humans via polar-tube-bearing spores.
Endogonales
Endogonales: an order of early-diverging fungi in Mucoromycota, forming truffle-like zygospore sporocarps; families Endogonaceae and Densosporaceae; ectomycorrhizal, fine root endophyte, and liverwort symbionts of Silurian origin.
Endogone
Endogone, genus of Mucoromycota fungi (Endogonales, Endogonaceae) erected by Link 1809, type E. pisiformis; truffle-like zygospore sporocarps called pea truffles, ectomycorrhizal and plant-symbiotic, once a cross-phylum catch-all for AM fungi.
Endomyces
Endomyces (Reess, 1870) is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in Endomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, described as ascus-bearing parasites of basidiocarps; its type species E. decipiens and many species have been taxonomically reassigned.
Entangled Life
Entangled Life (2020) is Merlin Sheldrake's debut popular-science book on fungi, mycelium, and mycorrhizal networks; a million-copy bestseller that won the 2021 Royal Society Science Book Prize and Wainwright Prize.
Enterocytozoon
Enterocytozoon, a genus of microsporidian fungi; type species Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the leading cause of human microsporidiosis and an AIDS-associated diarrheal pathogen; E. hepatopenaei retards shrimp growth in aquaculture.
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the leading microsporidian parasite causing human microsporidiosis and diarrhea, first identified in AIDS patients in 1985; zoonotic, with over 500 ITS genotypes in humans, mammals, birds, and water.
Entoloma
Entoloma (pinkgills) is a large agaric genus in Entolomataceae, defined by pink spore prints and angular basidiospores; about 1,800 species worldwide, mostly saprotrophic, with E. sinuatum as type species.
Entolomataceae
Entolomataceae (pinkgills), Kotl. & Pouzar 1972, a family of pink-spored Agaricales fungi with over 1,500 species worldwide; monophyletic, defined by epicorium-formed spore ornamentation, split into Entoloma and Rhodocybe-Clitopilus clades.
Entomophthorales
Entomophthorales, an order of Entomophthoromycota fungi (formerly Zygomycota), are mostly insect pathogens infecting via ballistic conidia and chitinases; Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus species also cause human entomophthoromycosis.
Environmental drivers of chytridiomycosis
Environmental drivers of chytridiomycosis are the temperature, moisture, and habitat conditions that control the amphibian chytrid fungus Bd, which thrives at 17–25°C and persists in water and moist soil for months.
Epichloe
Epichloë (anamorph Neotyphodium) is a genus of Clavicipitaceae fungi symbiotic with cool-season grasses, transmitted in seeds or as choke stromata, producing defensive alkaloids, some toxic to livestock, and commercialized in forage grasses.