727 articles
Fungal biology
Fungal biology, also called mycology, is the discipline studying fungi from unicellular yeasts to multicellular forms. It spans genomics, evolution, pathogenesis, ecology, and biotechnology, with about 1 billion years of fungal evolution and thousands of sequenced genomes.
Fungal Genetics Stock Center
The Fungal Genetics Stock Center is a biological resource center founded in 1960 that preserves and distributes genetically characterized strains of filamentous fungi for research.
Fungi in art
Fungi in art: mushrooms and mycelium as subject, medium, and material, from Mary Banning's 19th-century watercolors and Somerset House's 2020 show to bio art by Spačal, Bates, and Schubert and mycelium architecture like Mycotecture and Hy-Fi.
Fungiculture
Fungiculture, or mushroom cultivation, is the controlled growing of fungi for food and materials. Key facts: Tang Dynasty wood ear logs, 17th-century French Agaricus bisporus, agricultural-waste substrates, spent substrate reuse, and growing automation.
Fungus
Fungus (plural fungi): kingdom of heterotrophic eukaryotes with chitinous cell walls, closer to animals than plants; over 2 million species, mostly undescribed; decomposers, mycorrhizal symbionts, and sources of food and antibiotics.
Fusarium
Fusarium is a genus of filamentous fungi including major plant pathogens (F. graminearum, F. oxysporum), mycotoxin producers (trichothecenes, fumonisins), and opportunistic human pathogens, with contested taxonomy and species complexes.
Fusarium oxysporum
Fusarium oxysporum, a soil-borne ascomycete and species complex (FOSC), causes vascular wilt in over 100 plant species; defined by formae speciales, cryptic species, and horizontally transferred pathogenicity chromosomes.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) is a soil-borne fungus causing Panama disease, the Fusarium wilt of banana; its tropical race 4 threatens Cavendish cultivars, which supply 99% of banana exports.
Ganoderma
Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan genus of wood-decay polypore fungi (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales), typified by G. lucidum, the reishi/lingzhi medicinal mushroom; 250 to over 400 species, laccate or non-laccate fruiting bodies, notoriously difficult taxonomy.
Ganoderma orbiforme
Ganoderma orbiforme (Fr.) Ryvarden 2000, a laccate polypore fungus (Polyporaceae) and earliest valid name for a species complex including G. cupreum and G. mastoporum; sometimes, but no longer validly, synonymized with the oil palm pathogen G. boninense.
Ganoderma zonatum
Ganoderma zonatum, palm butt rot fungus described by Murrill 1902 in Florida; lethal white rot of the lower 4–5 feet of palm trunks, diagnosed by shelf-like conks; no cure, replant palms elsewhere.
Gary Lincoff
Gary Lincoff (1942–2018), American mycologist, author, and educator; wrote the National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms (1981), taught 40+ years at the New York Botanical Garden, and led NAMA and the Telluride Mushroom Festival.
Gasteroid Amanita segregates (Torrendia and Amarrendia)
Gasteroid Amanita segregates, formerly the genera Torrendia and Amarrendia, are enclosed-spored fungi from the Mediterranean and Australia that DNA studies showed nest within Amanita, which absorbed them in 2010.
Gasteroid fungi
Gasteroid fungi, historically called Gastromycetes, are basidiomycete fungi, including puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, and false truffles, that produce spores internally; molecular studies show the group is polyphyletic, not a natural lineage.
Gastrointestinal-irritant mushroom poisoning
Gastrointestinal-irritant mushroom poisoning is the most frequent form of mushroom poisoning, causing nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea that usually resolve within a day or two.
Geastrales
Geastrales (earth-stars) is an order of gasteroid basidiomycete fungi in subclass Phallomycetidae, family Geastraceae, genus Geastrum with 140 species; star-shaped spore-sac fruiting bodies, statismospores, worldwide litter decomposers.
Geastrum
Geastrum (earthstars) is a genus of Geastraceae fungi whose star-shaped fruiting bodies open into rays around a spore sac. Molecular phylogenies since 2014 replaced morphology-only classifications and revealed many hidden species, including within G. triplex.
Geastrum quadrifidum
Geastrum quadrifidum, the rayed earthstar, is a fornicate Geastraceae fungus described by Persoon in 1794, with 4-5 non-hygroscopic rays lifting a stalked, hoary spore case with a conical peristome; found in coniferous woodland across Europe and the Americas.
Geastrum triplex
Geastrum triplex, the collared earthstar, is a saprobic Geastraceae fungus on all continents except Antarctica, the largest Geastrum, with 4-8 rays, a saucer collar, and rain-puff spore dispersal.
Gene-for-gene relationship
Gene-for-gene relationship: Flor's model of plant disease resistance, from flax and Melampsora lini rust, in which a host R gene and a matching pathogen Avr gene together trigger resistance; loss of either permits disease.
Geographic distribution of Teloschistaceae
The geographic distribution of Teloschistaceae describes where the family's more than 1,000 orange and yellow lichen-forming fungi occur on sun-exposed rocks across Eurasia, Australia, and the Pacific, with regional counts from Italy to the Commander Islands.
Geosiphon
Geosiphon (Geosiphon pyriformis, synonym G. pyriforme) is a rare glomeromycotan soil fungus in Archaeosporales that uniquely hosts the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme inside bladder-like vesicles instead of forming arbuscular mycorrhiza with plants.
Geotrichum
Geotrichum (Link, 1809) is a genus of arthroconidial yeast-like Ascomycota fungi in Dipodascaceae; the 2024 revision absorbed Dipodascus and Galactomyces, with G. candidum as dairy culture, food spoiler, and opportunistic pathogen.
Gibberella
Gibberella (teleomorph of Fusarium), ascomycete genus in Hypocreales; source of gibberellins from G. fujikuroi and crop pathogens such as G. zeae causing ear rot and DON, zearalenone, fumonisin mycotoxins.
Gibberella zeae
Gibberella zeae, sexual stage of Fusarium graminearum, causes Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley and maize ear rot, producing DON and zearalenone mycotoxins; billions in losses, regulated worldwide.
Gliocladium
Gliocladium (Corda 1840) is an asexual fungal genus in Hypocreaceae with penicillate conidiophores and slimy conidial heads. Former species were split into Clonostachys, Trichoderma, and others; several species are biocontrol agents producing gliotoxin.
Gliotoxin
Gliotoxin (GT) is a sulfur-containing fungal secondary metabolite of the epidithiodiketopiperazine class, first isolated in 1936 and the best-studied mycotoxin of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus.
Global spread of chytrid fungi
The global spread of chytrid fungi is the worldwide dissemination of the amphibian pathogens Bd and Bsal, now detected in 86 countries and driven by commercial trade.
Glomalin
Glomalin: glycoprotein discovered in 1996 by Sara Wright, produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and measured as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP); linked to soil aggregation, carbon storage, and a proposed but unconfirmed HSP60 identity.
Glomeromycota
Glomeromycota (AM fungi) is a fungal phylum forming arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with 70–90% of land plants, exchanging phosphate and nitrogen for up to 20% of plant carbon; established as a phylum in 2001, sometimes treated as subphylum Glomeromycotina.