299 articles
Convolvulus
Convolvulus (bindweeds) is a genus of about 228 accepted species of twining or erect herbs in Convolvulaceae, published by Linnaeus in 1753, native to temperate and subtropical regions, with Calystegia nested within it and field bindweed (C. arvensis) its best-known weed.
Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulus arvensis, field bindweed or wild morning glory, is a perennial Convolvulaceae vine weed with roots to 30 feet, 1-inch root fragments that regrow, seeds viable for decades, and documented 2,4-D resistance.
Coprosma
Coprosma (mirror plant, karamū) is a genus of about 120 dioecious, wind-pollinated Rubiaceae shrubs centered in New Zealand, spread across the Pacific by birds, with fleshy orange to purple-black drupes.
Cordia alliodora
Cordia alliodora (laurel, solera, nogal cafetero), a Boraginaceae timber tree native from Mexico to Argentina, grown for mahogany-like wood and as shade over coffee and cacao; fast-growing, IUCN Least Concern, invasive in parts of the Pacific.
Cordia subcordata
Cordia subcordata (kou, mareer, sea trumpet, kerosene tree) is a coastal Pacific and Indian Ocean borage-family tree with orange funnel-shaped heterostylous flowers, floating corky fruits, prized carving wood, and IUCN Least Concern status.
Cuscuta
Cuscuta (dodder), genus of about 200-210 parasitic herbs in Convolvulaceae; obligate stem holoparasites lacking chlorophyll and roots, attaching via haustoria to host xylem and phloem; major agricultural weeds with broad, habitat-dependent host ranges.
Cynanchum
Cynanchum (swallowwort) is a genus of about 250-300 Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae twiners published by Linnaeus in 1753, native from the tropics to temperate Asia, with Madagascar and southern China as diversity centers and many species used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Cynoglossum officinale
Cynoglossum officinale, houndstongue or gypsy-flower, is a biennial Boraginaceae herb native from Europe to Siberia and Iran, invasive in North America, with barbed nutlets and pyrrolizidine alkaloids toxic to livestock via contaminated hay.
Datura
Datura (thorn-apple, jimsonweed; Sanskrit dhattūra) is a genus of 14 toxic Solanaceae herbs native from the SW and S-central USA to Mexico, naturalized worldwide, containing atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine; distinct from the pendulous-flowered Brugmansia.
Datura metel
Datura metel, also known as devil's trumpet or thorn's apple, is a nightshade herb with large trumpet-shaped flowers, native to Mexico and cultivated worldwide as a narcotic and medicine.
Datura stramonium
Datura stramonium (jimson weed, thorn apple), Solanaceae annual herb native to Mexico, now a pantropical weed; all parts contain tropane alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine; seeds contaminate grain and cause anticholinergic poisoning.
Digitalis
Digitalis (foxglove), Plantaginaceae genus and cardiac glycoside drug; source of digoxin and digitoxin, Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors introduced by Withering's 1785 Account of the Foxglove for dropsy and heart failure.
Digitalis lanata
Digitalis lanata (woolly or Grecian foxglove), Plantaginaceae, a biennial/perennial herb native from SE Europe to NW Türkiye, cultivated for digoxin and lanatosides; introduced and weedy in North America.
Digitalis purpurea
Digitalis purpurea, common foxglove, is a biennial European plant with purple tubular flowers, source of cardiac glycosides like digitoxin, codified by Withering in 1785, and toxic in all parts.
Dracocephalum
Dracocephalum (dragonhead) is a Lamiaceae genus of about 70 aromatic herb species of the temperate Northern Hemisphere; Hyssopus and Lallemantia are embedded within it, and D. moldavica is its most-studied medicinal species.
Duranta
Duranta (golden dewdrop, skyflower) is a Verbenaceae genus of Neotropical shrubs and small trees, type species Duranta erecta, recognized by axillary spines and yellow four-pyrene drupes; about 29-35 species, ornamental, invasive, and toxic.
Duranta erecta
Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop, pigeon berry, skyflower; synonym Duranta repens) is a thorny Verbenaceae shrub native from Mexico to South America and Florida, grown ornamentally, toxic to people via saponin-rich berries, and invasive in Florida, Australia, China, Taiwan, and Fiji.
Echium
Echium, borage family genus of 68 species native to Macaronesia, Europe, and North Africa; known for Canary Island adaptive radiation, insular woodiness, giant rosette trees like E. wildpretii, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid defenses.
Echium vulgare
Echium vulgare, viper's bugloss or blueweed, is a Eurasian Boraginaceae biennial with violet-blue flowers, pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity to livestock, and noxious-weed status in parts of North America and Australia.
Eggplant
Eggplant (Solanum melongena), also aubergine or brinjal, is a Solanaceae crop domesticated in South-East Asia from Solanum insanum, grown for its edible immature berry, with China and India leading production.
Fittonia albivenis
Fittonia albivenis, the nerve plant or mosaic plant (syn. Fittonia verschaffeltii), is a South American rainforest Acanthaceae herb grown as a pet-safe houseplant with white, pink, or red leaf veins.
Forsythia
Forsythia (golden bells, lian qiao shu) is a genus of about 11 East Asian deciduous shrubs in Oleaceae with yellow early-spring flowers on bare branches; most garden clones derive from the hybrid F. × intermedia, and flowers are heterostylous.
Forsythia suspensa
Forsythia suspensa (连翘), weeping forsythia, Oleaceae shrub native to China; golden spring flowers on pendulous hollow-pith branches; source of TCM drug Forsythiae Fructus (lianqiao); parent of Forsythia × intermedia.
Fraxinus
Fraxinus (ash), genus of about 43 Oleaceae tree species of the Northern Hemisphere with pinnate leaves and winged samara fruits; threatened by ash dieback and emerald ash borer, valued for elastic timber.
Fraxinus americana
Fraxinus americana, white ash or American white ash, is an eastern North American hardwood tree prized for shock-resistant timber used in baseball bats and tool handles; now critically endangered from emerald ash borer.
Fraxinus excelsior
Fraxinus excelsior, common or European ash, a large European deciduous timber tree in Oleaceae, native Europe to Iran, IUCN Near Threatened due to ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) and threatened by emerald ash borer.
Fraxinus ornus
Fraxinus ornus (manna ash, flowering ash) is a Mediterranean deciduous ash tree grown in Sicily and Calabria for manna, a mannitol-rich sweet bark exudate used as a mild laxative; IUCN Least Concern.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Fraxinus pennsylvanica, green ash (also red ash), a dioecious North American ash tree of floodplains and urban plantings, 50-70 ft tall, now Critically Endangered from emerald ash borer.
Galeopsis
Galeopsis L. (hemp-nettle) is a genus of about 10 annual herbs in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to temperate Eurasia, placed in tribe Galeopsideae, with frequent hybridization and traditional medicinal uses.
Galium
Galium (bedstraws, cleavers) is a cosmopolitan genus of about 500-670 species of Rubiaceae herbs with whorled leaves, four-angled stems, small four-merous flowers, and two-lobed fruits; type species G. aparine.