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Essential oil
Essential oils are concentrated volatile plant extracts, typically 20–60 compounds, obtained by steam distillation or cold pressing; used in aromatherapy, flavorings, and fragrances, with moderate-confidence evidence mainly for dysmenorrhea pain.
Ethnobotany
Ethnobotany is the scientific study of relationships between plants and human societies, covering food, medicine, and cultural uses. Coined by Harshberger in 1895, it spans paleoethnobotany, economic botany, conservation, and Indigenous knowledge rights.
Etlingera
Etlingera (aromatic ginger) is a genus of about 150 Zingiberaceae herbs from the Indomalayan realm; torch ginger (E. elatior) is used as spice, medicine, and ornamental, with about 410 phytocompounds reported.
Etlingera elatior
Etlingera elatior, commonly known as torch ginger (Malay: bunga kantan), is a large ginger-family plant native to Southeast Asia, grown for its edible flower buds and showy blooms.
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus (eucalypts) is a Myrtaceae genus of about 880 evergreen Australian tree and shrub species with operculate buds and woody capsules, including the 99.6 m Eucalyptus regnans, the world's most widely planted hardwood timber genus.
Eucalyptus bridgesiana
Eucalyptus bridgesiana, the apple box (apple gum), is an Australian Myrtaceae tree of the Great Dividing Range tablelands, glaucous juvenile leaves, seven-flowered umbels, IUCN Vulnerable A2c after 40.1% habitat decline, introduced to Hawaii.
Eucalyptus deglupta
Eucalyptus deglupta, the rainbow eucalyptus or Mindanao gum (bagras, kamarere), is a tropical Myrtaceae tree native to the Philippines, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea, known for peeling multicolored bark and grown for pulp and timber.
Eucalyptus diversicolor
Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F.Muell., 1863) is Western Australia's tallest eucalypt, reaching about 90 m in high-rainfall south-west forests from Nannup to Denmark; a strong structural timber historically exported from Karridale.
Eucalyptus globulus
Eucalyptus globulus, known as the Tasmanian blue gum, is a tall evergreen tree native to Tasmania and Victoria, widely grown for timber and eucalyptus oil.
Eucalyptus grandis
Eucalyptus grandis, flooded gum or rose gum, is a fast-growing Australian Myrtaceae tree up to 60 m, among the most widely planted eucalypts for pulp, mainly in Brazil and South Africa, hybridizing readily with E. saligna.
Eucalyptus marginata
Eucalyptus marginata, jarrah, is a tall eucalypt endemic to south-west Western Australia, dominant in jarrah forest on lateritic soils, a durable termite-resistant red timber, IUCN Near Threatened, with commercial native logging ended in 2024.
Eucalyptus nitens
Eucalyptus nitens, known as shining gum or ribbon gum, is a fast-growing eucalypt tree native to southeastern Australia and a principal pulpwood plantation species of the southern hemisphere.
Eucalyptus oil
Eucalyptus oil, also called eucalyptol-rich essential oil, is steam-distilled from Eucalyptus globulus, polybractea, or smithii leaves, contains at least 70% 1,8-cineole, and is used for cough relief but is toxic if ingested.
Eucalyptus saligna
Eucalyptus saligna, Sydney blue gum or blue gum (柳叶桉), a fast-growing Myrtaceae tree to 50 m native to Queensland and New South Wales, widely planted for timber worldwide; IUCN Least Concern, invasive-risk species in Florida.
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Eucalyptus tereticornis, the forest red gum or blue gum, is a Myrtaceae tree to 50 m native from Victoria to Papua New Guinea (6–38°S), IUCN Least Concern, widely planted for timber, pulp, oil, and honey.
Eucalyptus urophylla
Eucalyptus urophylla, Timor white gum or Timor mountain gum (ampupu), an endangered Myrtaceae tree native to the Lesser Sunda Islands and Timor-Leste, widely planted for pulp and as the E. grandis hybrid parent.
Eucommia ulmoides
Eucommia ulmoides (杜仲), the gutta-percha tree, is a hardy rubber tree from central and southern China, the sole species of its family and long used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Eudicots
Eudicots (tricolpates): the largest clade of flowering plants, defined by three-apertured (tricolpate) pollen; includes core eudicots with rosids and asterids; recognized in APG IV and APG V classifications.
Eugenia
Eugenia, a large genus of Myrtaceae trees and shrubs published by Linnaeus in 1753, has about 1,000–1,205 pantropical species centered in the Neotropics, 4-merous flowers, fused-cotyledon embryos, and edible fruits like pitanga.
Eugenia uniflora
Eugenia uniflora L., the pitanga or Surinam cherry, is a Myrtaceae shrub or small tree native to E. and S. Brazil to S. South America, grown for ribbed edible fruit, invasive in south Florida, IUCN Least Concern.
Euonymus
Euonymus (spindle trees, burning bush) is a Celastraceae genus of about 130-149 shrub, tree, and vine species, native Old World to the Americas, centered in East Asia, with only two of five sections molecularly supported and E. alatus invasive in the US.
Eupatorium
Eupatorium (bonesets, thoroughworts) is a genus of Asteraceae herbs established by Linnaeus in 1753, type E. cannabinum, with about 45-69 accepted north temperate species after narrowing from a much broader, polyphyletic circumscription.
Eupatorium cannabinum
Eupatorium cannabinum, hemp agrimony, Wasserdost, is a perennial Asteraceae herb native from Europe to Central Asia, Iran, and NW Africa, with hemp-like leaves, pink flowerheads, 2n=20, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Euphorbia
Euphorbia (spurges) is a cosmopolitan genus of Euphorbiaceae, one of the largest plant genera with roughly 1,200 to over 2,000 species, defined by milky toxic latex and the cyathium inflorescence, with four subgenera and wide medicinal use.
Euphorbia antisyphilitica
Euphorbia antisyphilitica, commonly known as candelilla, is a semisucculent shrub of the spurge family native to the southern United States and Mexico and the source of candelilla wax.
Euphorbia cyparissias
Euphorbia cyparissias, cypress or graveyard spurge, a rhizomatous Euphorbiaceae perennial native to Europe and NW Türkiye, introduced across North America, Japan, and New Zealand, reproducing by seed and creeping roots.
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia heterophylla (wild poinsettia, Mexican fireplant, milkweed) is an annual latex-bearing Euphorbiaceae herb native to tropical America, now a pantropical soybean and maize weed with documented ALS, glyphosate, and PPO herbicide resistance.
Euphorbia hirta
Euphorbia hirta (asthma plant, tawa-tawa), an annual Euphorbiaceae herb native to tropical America, used in traditional medicine for asthma, diarrhea, and dengue; pharmacology remains preclinical.
Euphorbia milii
Euphorbia milii, crown of thorns or Christ plant, is a spiny semisucculent Madagascan shrub in Euphorbiaceae grown for red, pink, white, or yellow bracts; its toxic latex causes dermatitis and eye injury, and its diterpenoids show molluscicidal and pharmacological activity.
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae Juss., 1789), is a Malpighiales family of about 230 genera and 6,500+ species with unisexual flowers, latex, and the unique cyathium; includes Hevea rubber, cassava, and castor oil plants.