4,295 articles
Euphrasia
Euphrasia, the eyebrights, is a genus of semi-parasitic annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs in Orobanchaceae, first published by Linnaeus in 1753 and notorious for how hard its species are to tell apart.
European spruce bark beetle
European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus, eight-toothed spruce bark beetle), a Scolytinae pest of Norway spruce; mass attacks with blue stain fungus kill spruce, and it is managed by salvage logging, debarking, and pheromone methods.
Euryale ferox
Euryale ferox (makhana, fox nut, gorgon nut, prickly water lily) is the only extant Euryale species, a spiny aquatic Nymphaeaceae whose popped seeds are a major cash crop of north Bihar, India, with 76.9% carbohydrate and 9.7% protein.
Eurycoma longifolia
Eurycoma longifolia, tongkat ali or pasak bumi, is a Southeast Asian Simaroubaceae tree whose root is used as a traditional male sexual health and testosterone supplement; marker compound eurycomanone.
Eusporangiate and leptosporangiate sporangia compared
Eusporangiate and leptosporangiate sporangia are the two fern sporangium types: eusporangiate ones form from many cells and shed thousands of spores, leptosporangiate ones from a single cell.
Eusporangiate ferns
Eusporangiate ferns: ferns whose sporangia develop from multiple initial cells, covering Equisetales, Psilotales, Ophioglossales, and Marattiales; a non-monophyletic grouping contrasted with the single-initial, stalked sporangia of leptosporangiate ferns.
Eusporangium development
A eusporangium is a fern sporangium that develops from a group of cells rather than a single mother cell, with a several-layered wall, very large spore output, and no annulus.
Euterpe edulis
Euterpe edulis (palmito-juçara, juçara) is a solitary Atlantic Forest palm, Vulnerable (VU) from lethal palm heart extraction; its açaí-like fruit is now harvested as a sustainable alternative.
Evergreen
Evergreen plants retain green leaves or needles year round, unlike deciduous plants that shed annually. Covers conifers and broadleaf evergreens, leaf economics, water use, drought strategy, and landscape uses.
Evergreen forest
An evergreen forest is a forest whose trees keep their leaves year-round, occurring as tropical rainforest, temperate rainforest, and the boreal conifer forests, or taiga.
Evolutionary history of Equisetum
The evolutionary history of Equisetum, the horsetails, shows striking morphological stasis: molecular clocks place the genus's origin in the Early Jurassic or earlier, making it the oldest living vascular plant genus.
Evolutionary history of plants
Evolutionary history of plants: from cyanobacteria and streptophyte green algae to land plants c. 470 Ma, Silurian Cooksonia, Carboniferous coal forests, and Cretaceous angiosperm rise.
F1 hybrid
F1 hybrid: first-generation seed from crossing two uniform inbred parent lines, showing heterosis (hybrid vigour), 15-20% yield edge over open-pollinated varieties, non-uniform F2 offspring, and dominant in maize and vegetable seed markets.
Fabaceae
Fabaceae (Leguminosae), the legume family: third-largest angiosperm family, ~751 genera and ~19,500 species, six subfamilies, pod fruits, rhizobial nitrogen fixation, and major food crops like soybean, pea, and bean.
Fabales
Fabales is an order of flowering plants with four families: Fabaceae, Polygalaceae, Quillajaceae, and Surianaceae. The legumes alone hold over 95 percent of its more than 20,000 species.
Fagaceae
Fagaceae (beech family), oaks Quercus, beeches Fagus, chestnuts Castanea; 8 genera, ~1,000 Northern Hemisphere tree species; nuts in woody cupules; major hardwood timbers.
Fagales
Fagales (Engler, 1892) is an order of woody flowering plants in the fabid rosids, with seven families including Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, Nothofagaceae, Casuarinaceae, Myricaceae, and Ticodendraceae; about 1,325 species, wind-pollinated, Cretaceous origin, NCBI taxonomy ID 3502.
Fagopyrum
Fagopyrum (buckwheat genus), Polygonaceae, ca. 25-30 species mostly from southern China and the Himalaya; includes cultivated common buckwheat F. esculentum and Tartary buckwheat F. tataricum, split into cymosum and urophyllum groups.
Fagopyrum tataricum
Fagopyrum tataricum, Tartary or bitter buckwheat (तिते फापर), is a self-pollinating Himalayan pseudocereal grown by the Yi people since the 2nd century BC, distinguished from common buckwheat by rutin levels up to 81 mg/g and bitter grain.
Fagus
Fagus (beech) is a genus of about 10–15 deciduous Fagaceae trees of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, from Europe, Asia, and North America to Mexico, with trigonous nuts and a fossil record back to the early Paleocene/Eocene.
Fagus crenata
Fagus crenata, the Japanese beech, is a deciduous beech-family tree endemic to Japan, growing 15 to 30 meters tall and dominating cool-temperate forests from Kyushu to Hokkaido.
Fagus grandifolia
Fagus grandifolia (American beech), the only North American Fagus, a slow-growing shade-tolerant deciduous tree of eastern North America, 20-30 m, living 300-400 years, threatened chiefly by beech bark disease.
Fagus orientalis
Fagus orientalis, the Oriental beech, is a large deciduous tree of the beech family Fagaceae, native from southeastern Bulgaria across Türkiye to the Caucasus and the Hyrcanian forests of Iran.
Fagus sylvatica
Fagus sylvatica, European beech, is a large deciduous Fagaceae tree native from southern Scandinavia to Sicily and Spain to northwest Turkey, dominating Central European natural forests, with mast fruiting every 5–8 years and around 250 wood usages.
Faidherbia albida
Faidherbia albida (apple-ring acacia, winter thorn; formerly Acacia albida) is the sole species of its genus, a dryland African leguminous tree with reverse leaf phenology, leafless in the rains, widely used in agroforestry to raise crop yields and soil fertility.
Falcaria vulgaris
Falcaria vulgaris (sickleweed, longleaf) is a glaucous Apiaceae herb native from Central Europe and the Mediterranean to Central Asia, introduced and invasive in North American rangelands, with traditional medicinal uses.
Falcataria
Falcataria is a genus of three fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing legume trees native from eastern Malesia to the Santa Cruz Islands. Its best-known species, Falcataria falcata (formerly F. moluccana, albizia, batai), is planted for timber and shade but invades Pacific forests.
Falcataria moluccana
Falcataria moluccana, also called Falcataria falcata, Moluccan albizia, batai, or sengon, is a fast-growing nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae tree native to the Moluccas, New Guinea, and Solomon Islands, widely planted for timber yet invasive in Hawaii.
Fallopia multiflora
Fallopia multiflora (何首乌, he shou wu; syn. Polygonum multiflorum, Reynoutria multiflora) is a Polygonaceae twining herb whose root tuber is the TCM tonic Heshouwu, used for anti-aging and hair-darkening but a leading herbal cause of idiosyncratic liver injury since 1996.
Farro
Farro is an Italian term for grains of three hulled wheat species, einkorn, emmer, and spelt; in Italy it especially means emmer, the "true" farro.