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Ferns of Mexico
The ferns of Mexico, together with lycophytes, number 1,014 to 1,057 species, among the richest floras in the Americas, concentrated in humid Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Veracruz.
Ferns of Mexico and Central America
Ferns of Mexico and Central America is the rich regional fern flora spanning Mexico to Panama, holding about 1,039 species in Mexico and 1,358 in Central America.
Ferns of New Zealand
The ferns of New Zealand are a flora of about 272 fern and lycophyte species, 92 of them endemic, led by the filmy fern family Hymenophyllaceae.
Ferns of Northern Europe and the Baltic
Ferns of Northern Europe and the Baltic covers the region's roughly 70 fern and lycophyte species across Scandinavia, Finland, and Iceland, their habitats, and conservation.
Ferns of Polynesia and Micronesia
The ferns of Polynesia and Micronesia are the fern and lycophyte floras of scattered tropical Pacific islands, built almost entirely by long-distance spore dispersal from distant continents.
Ferns of Taiwan
Ferns of Taiwan (臺灣蕨類): the island's pteridophyte flora of 824 taxa per the 2019 TPG checklist, one of the world's five richest insular fern floras, East Asiatic in affinity, with 43% in the warm-temperate zone.
Ferns of the Caribbean islands
The ferns of the Caribbean islands are the spore-bearing vascular plants of the Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Bahamas, and Trinidad, with high endemism and specialized tree ferns.
Ferns of the Indian subcontinent
The ferns of the Indian subcontinent are the roughly 1,000–1,300 fern species native to India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan, concentrated in the Eastern Himalaya and Western Ghats.
Ferns of the Mediterranean, Iberia and Macaronesia
The ferns of the Mediterranean, Iberia and Macaronesia form the fern flora of southern Europe and its Atlantic islands, with 128 Iberian taxa and Macaronesian laurel-forest endemics like Davallia canariensis.
Ferns of the northern Andes and northern South America
The ferns of the northern Andes and northern South America span Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and the Guianas, with Colombia alone holding 1,633 fern and lycophyte species.
Ferns of the Southern Cone
The Ferns of the Southern Cone is the pteridophyte flora of countries like Argentina and Chile. It covers roughly 890 species, with 172 of them endemic.
Ferns of Western and Central Europe
The ferns of Western and Central Europe, spanning France to Austria, hold about 194 native fern and lycophyte species, richest in mountain regions like the Alps.
Ferocactus
Ferocactus (barrel cactus), genus of ribbed barrel-shaped cacti in Cactaceae established by Britton & Rose in 1922; 28 species native to the southwestern and south-central United States and Mexico, CITES Appendix II.
Ferruginol
Ferruginol is a phenolic abietane diterpenoid with formula C20H30O, first isolated in 1939 from miro resin, characteristic of cypress-family heartwood and studied for antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities.
Fertilization in ferns
Fertilization in ferns is the fusion of a free-swimming, multi-flagellate spermatozoid with an egg inside an archegonium on the gametophyte, requiring a film of external water.
Ferula
Ferula, giant fennels, Apiaceae genus of about 230 species from Macaronesia to the Himalaya; source of asafoetida (F. assa-foetida), galbanum (F. gummosa), and the putative silphium F. drudeana.
Ferula gummosa
Ferula gummosa (galbanum; Persian Barijeh) is a monocarpic perennial Apiaceae herb native to northern and central Iran and possibly Turkmenistan, the main source of the oleo-gum-resin galbanum used in perfumery, flavoring, and traditional medicine.
Festuca
Festuca (fescue) is a large genus of temperate Poaceae grasses with 621 accepted species, including turf fine fescues (Festuca rubra, F. ovina, F. brevipila) and forage tall fescue; molecular studies show it is paraphyletic with Lolium and Vulpia nested within.
Festuca arundinacea
Festuca arundinacea, tall fescue, also Schedonorus arundinaceus or Lolium arundinaceum, is a tufted perennial European grass grown worldwide for forage and turf, hosting the Epichloë coenophialum endophyte.
Festuca ovina
Festuca ovina, sheep fescue (sheep's fescue), a tufted Eurasian cool-season fine fescue grass used for low-input turf and erosion control; tetraploid (2n=28), drought-tolerant, poor forage for cattle.
Festuca pratensis
Festuca pratensis, meadow fescue (Lolium pratense, Schedonorus pratensis), a European perennial forage grass of Poaceae; tufted, 30-120 cm culms, mid-early flowering, palatable non-toxic-endophyte forage and Festulolium hybrid parent.
Festuca rubra
Festuca rubra, red fescue or creeping red fescue, is a perennial cool-season grass (Poaceae) native from subarctic and temperate Northern Hemisphere to Mexico, used for turf, forage, and erosion control, with many subspecies.
Ficus
Ficus (figs), genus Tourn. ex L. in Moraceae, pantropical trees and hemi-epiphytes with syconium inflorescences pollinated by specific Agaonidae wasps; 892 accepted species per Kew POWO; includes edible Ficus carica and strangler figs.
Ficus benghalensis
Ficus benghalensis, the banyan or Indian banyan (national tree of India), is a huge evergreen fig of the Indian subcontinent whose aerial roots become secondary trunks; it starts as a strangler epiphyte and is pollinated by species-specific fig wasps.
Ficus benjamina
Ficus benjamina, the weeping fig (垂叶榕), is an evergreen Moraceae tree native to tropical and subtropical Asia and northern Australia, widely grown indoors and outdoors; known for leaf drop, irritant sap, and Least Concern status.
Ficus elastica
Ficus elastica (rubber plant, India rubber fig), a Moraceae tree native from Nepal to western Malesia; once a rubber source, now a common houseplant, IUCN Least Concern, 2n=26.
Ficus lyrata
Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig, banjo fig) is a hemiepiphytic Moraceae tree native to west and west-central tropical Africa, a Least Concern species grown as a large-leaved landscape tree and popular but fussy houseplant.
Ficus microcarpa
Ficus microcarpa (Chinese banyan, Indian laurel) is a hemiepiphytic fig tree native from tropical Asia to the western Pacific, pollinated by the wasp Parapristina verticillata, widely planted as an ornamental and bonsai, and a Category I invasive in Florida after its pollinator was introduced.
Ficus racemosa
Ficus racemosa, commonly called the cluster fig or gular, is a large fig tree native from Pakistan to northern Australia and pollinated by the fig wasp Ceratosolen fusciceps.
Ficus religiosa
Ficus religiosa, the sacred fig or aśvattha (peepal, bodhi tree), is a Moraceae strangler fig up to 30 m native to India to southern China, pollinated by Platyscapa quadraticeps, sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism, with the 288 BC Sri Maha Bodhi as the oldest dated plant.