4,295 articles
Garcinia indica
Garcinia indica (kokum), Western Ghats endemic tree of Clusiaceae; dried rind used as souring agent, seeds yield kokum butter; contains hydroxycitric acid and garcinol; IUCN vulnerable.
Garcinia kola
Garcinia kola (bitter kola, false kola) is a Clusiaceae tree of West and Central Africa whose resin-rich seeds are chewed and used in folk medicine; its compounds show animal-model pharmacology but no confirmed human clinical efficacy.
Garden cress
Garden cress (Lepidium sativum), also called common cress or pepper cress, is a fast-growing annual Brassicaceae salad herb of the "mustard and cress" mix, with protein- and fat-rich seeds used as a functional food ingredient.
Garden roses
Garden roses: ornamental Rosa hybrids and cultivars, over 30,000 varieties, split into old garden roses (pre-1867, before 'La France', the first hybrid tea) and modern classes such as hybrid tea, floribunda, and grandiflora.
Gardenia
Gardenia, a genus of about 120 accepted species of fragrant shrubs in Rubiaceae named for Alexander Garden; best known species Gardenia jasminoides, source of gardenia yellow colorant.
Gardenia jasminoides
Gardenia jasminoides (Cape jasmine), a Rubiaceae shrub native from the East Himalaya to China, Indo-China, and Japan, grown for fragrant flowers; its dried fruit Zhizi yields crocins and iridoid glycosides used in traditional Chinese medicine and as a yellow colorant.
Gardening
Gardening: small-scale cultivation of plants for food, ornament, or livelihood, in home, market, and community gardens. Key facts: ancient origins, Kew founded 1759, RHS founded 1804, right plant right place principle, water-wise climate adaptation.
Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum), a Central Asian Allium crop grown from cloves and led in production by China; its crushed-tissue chemistry yields allicin, studied for modest cholesterol and blood pressure effects.
Gastrodia
Gastrodia R.Br. is a genus of about 113 accepted leafless, mycoheterotrophic orchids (Orchidaceae, tribe Gastrodieae) native from tropical Africa to Asia, Australia, and New Zealand; G. elata (Tianma) is a traditional Chinese medicine, and some species bear only closed, self-pollinating flowers.
Gastrodia elata
Gastrodia elata (Tianma, 天麻), a fully mycoheterotrophic orchid of Orchidaceae, depends on Mycena and Armillaria fungi, yields the medicinal tuber Gastrodiae Rhizoma, and is used in Chinese medicine and food.
Gaultheria
Gaultheria is a genus of heath-family shrubs and subshrubs, named by Linnaeus in 1753, whose berry-like fruits and leaves yield wintergreen oil; it includes wintergreen and salal.
Gaultheria shallon
Gaultheria shallon, salal or shallon, an evergreen Ericaceae shrub native from Alaska to California, forming rhizomatous thickets with urn-shaped flowers and edible purple pseudoberries used for food and floral greenery.
Gazania cultivars
Gazania cultivars are named ornamental selections of the South African daisy genus Gazania, sold as F1 seed series like Kiss and New Day and valued for drought tolerance.
Genetically modified maize
Genetically modified maize (GM corn, Bt maize, herbicide-tolerant maize) is Zea mays engineered for herbicide tolerance, Bt insect resistance, or stacked traits; over 90 percent of U.S. corn is GE since 1996.
Genipa
Genipa is a Neotropical tree genus in Rubiaceae with three accepted species, chiefly Genipa americana (jagua, genipap), whose genipin-rich unripe fruit yields a natural blue dye used for body paint, jagua tattoos, and FDA-approved food coloring.
Genista
Genista (woadwaxen) is a Fabaceae genus of yellow-flowered brooms, tribe Genisteae, native from Macaronesia and Europe to the Caucasus, with about 145 accepted species, toxic quinolizidine alkaloids, and the historic dye plant G. tinctoria.
Genisteae
Genisteae (染料木族) is a legume tribe (Faboideae) of brooms, gorses, and lupins, about 25-26 genera and 550-570 species, defined by quinolizidine alkaloids and four major clades including Lupinus and the Cytisus-Genista complex.
Gentiana
Gentiana (gentians) is the largest genus of Gentianaceae, 347-400+ species of blue-flowered herbs of temperate and alpine regions; source of gentian root bitters and iridoid, xanthone, and flavonoid phytochemicals.
Gentiana lutea
Gentiana lutea, yellow gentian or bitterwort, a perennial European mountain herb whose bitter root (Gentianae radix) is used for appetite and digestive complaints, in bitters, and protected under EU Habitats Directive Annex V.
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae (gentian family), cosmopolitan Gentianales family of about 100 genera and 1,700 species, mostly herbs with tubular contorted corollas, superior ovaries, seco-iridoids, and xanthones; includes Gentiana and Gentianella.
Gentianales
Gentianales (synonym Rubiales), an angiosperm order of lamiid eudicots named by Jussieu ex Berchtold & Presl in 1820, contains five families, Apocynaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae, with about 1,200 genera and 20,000 species including coffee and gentians.
George Harrison Shull
George Harrison Shull (1874–1954), American botanist at Cold Spring Harbor and Princeton, whose 1905–1909 maize experiments founded hybrid corn breeding and the term heterosis.
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae, the geranium family (Geraniales, rosids), includes Geranium, Pelargonium, Erodium, Monsonia, Sarcocaulon, California, and Hypseocharis; herbs and shrubs with five-parted flowers and beaked schizocarp fruits, about 830 species, mainly temperate.
Geraniales
Geraniales is a small order of flowering plants in the rosid clade Malvids, sister to Myrtales, with about 742 species including the geranium family Geraniaceae and its ornamental genera.
Geranium
Geranium (cranesbills) is a genus of about 337 herb species in Geraniaceae, native to temperate and tropical-mountain regions worldwide, with beaked explosive fruits; distinct from Pelargonium, the garden "geranium."
Geranium robertianum
Geranium robertianum, herb Robert or red robin, is a pink-flowered annual or biennial geranium native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, self-seeding explosively up to 6.5 m, rich in phenolics, and a noxious weed in Washington State.
Gerbera
Gerbera is an Asteraceae genus of stemless perennial daisies named for Traugott Gerber, native from Africa to Indo-China; its hybrids, especially from Gerbera jamesonii, are major cut flowers and a floral genetics model.
Germination
Germination: the resumption of seed growth from water uptake to radicle emergence, controlled by the ABA–GA hormone balance, light, temperature, and RONS signaling; tested under ISTA standards for agriculture and restoration.
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a largely tropical Lamiales family of about 150 genera and over 3500 species, defined by pair-flowered cymes; includes African violet, gloxinia, and Streptocarpus.
Geum
Geum (avens) is a genus of perennial herbs in Rosaceae, published by Linnaeus in 1753, with about 46-60 temperate Northern Hemisphere species, hooked two-part styles, and achene heads dispersed by plumose styles.