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Monogenean life cycle and reproduction
Monogeneans are parasitic flatworms that complete their whole life cycle on one fish host, either laying eggs that hatch into swimming larvae or giving live birth.
Monogenean morphology and anatomy
Monogenean morphology and anatomy describes the body plan of monogeneans, ectoparasitic flatworms of fish and amphibians, organized around an anterior prohaptor and a posterior haptor armed with hooks, anchors, or clamps.
Monogeneans in aquaculture and fish disease
Monogeneans are parasitic flatworms on fish gills, skin, and fins whose direct life cycles make Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus major disease agents in aquaculture, treatable with chemicals and eradicable in enclosed systems.
Monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes
Monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes (MAIS), also called monogenic autoinflammatory diseases, are single-gene innate immune disorders causing recurrent fever and sterile inflammation; examples include FMF, TRAPS, CAPS, and interferonopathies such as SAVI.
Monograptus
Monograptus Geinitz, 1852, extinct Silurian to Early Devonian monograptid graptolite genus with a single unbranched stipe; M. uniformis defines the Silurian-Devonian boundary.
Monohybrid cross
Monohybrid cross: a genetic cross tracking one gene, from Mendel's pea experiments (1856–1863, over 28,000 plants). Yields 3:1 phenotypic and 1:2:1 genotypic F2 ratios, demonstrating the law of segregation; shown with Punnett squares.
Monolignol
Monolignols (p-coumaryl, coniferyl, sinapyl alcohols) are hydroxycinnamyl alcohol precursors polymerized into lignin's H, G, and S units; biosynthesis involves PAL, 4CL, C3'H, CCR enzymes.
Monolinuron
Monolinuron (HOE 002747, CAS 1746-81-2) is a phenylurea photosystem II-inhibiting herbicide introduced circa 1965, used pre- and post-emergence against broadleaved weeds; not approved in the EU or GB, moderately persistent, high leaching potential.
Monomelic amyotrophy
Monomelic amyotrophy (Hirayama disease) is a rare juvenile lower motor neuron disorder causing unilateral distal upper limb atrophy sparing the brachioradialis, from flexion-induced cervical cord ischemia; collar or surgery, self-limiting course.
Monomethyl fumarate
Monomethyl fumarate (Bafiertam) is the active metabolite of dimethyl fumarate, FDA-approved April 28, 2020 as 95 mg delayed-release capsules for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, bioequivalent to Tecfidera 240 mg.
Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma
MEITL (monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma), formerly type II EATL, is a rare aggressive intestinal T-cell lymphoma unrelated to coeliac disease, common in Asia, with CD8+ CD56+ cytotoxic phenotype, SETD2/JAK-STAT mutations, and median survival under a year.
Mononeuritis multiplex
Mononeuritis multiplex (mononeuropathy multiplex, multiple mononeuropathy) is a multifocal peripheral neuropathy damaging two or more separate nerve trunks, usually from vasculitis; other causes include diabetes, sarcoidosis, Lyme disease, HIV, and leprosy.
Mononuclear cell of bone marrow
Mononuclear cell of bone marrow (CL:0010004, bone marrow mononuclear cell, BMMNC): single-nucleus marrow leukocyte fraction containing T cells, B cells, monocytes, and rare progenitors; isolated by Ficoll density gradient and used in cell therapy trials for stroke, limb ischemia, and heart disease.
Mononuclear leukocyte
Mononuclear leukocyte (mononuclear cell, CL:0000842): a white blood cell with a single non-segmented nucleus, comprising lymphocytes and monocytes, distinguished from granulocytes and isolated as PBMCs by density gradient centrifugation.
Mononuclear phagocyte
Mononuclear phagocyte: single-nucleus vertebrate phagocyte (CL:0000113) comprising monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, defined 1969-1972, replacing the reticuloendothelial system.
Mononuclear phagocyte system sequestration
Mononuclear phagocyte system sequestration is the capture of intravenously injected nanoparticles by macrophages of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, limiting nanomedicine delivery to tumors.
Mononucleosis due to cytomegalovirus
Mononucleosis due to cytomegalovirus (CMV mononucleosis, ICD-11 1D81.1) is a heterophile-negative, EBV-like infectious mononucleosis syndrome in immunocompetent adults, diagnosed by CMV IgM serology and usually self-limited without antiviral treatment.
Mononucleosis due to Epstein-Barr virus
Mononucleosis due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, human herpesvirus 4), also called mono or glandular fever: a fever-pharyngitis-lymphadenopathy syndrome in adolescents, diagnosed by heterophile or EBV serology, treated supportively.
Monooxygenase
A monooxygenase is an enzyme that inserts one atom of molecular oxygen into an organic substrate while reducing the second atom to water, using cofactors such as NAD(P)H.
Monophyly
Monophyly: property of a group containing a common ancestor and all its descendants (a clade), contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly. Central to Hennig's cladistics and modern biological taxonomy.
Monopisthocotylea
Monopisthocotylea (Odhner, 1912) is one of two monogenean flatworm subgroups, ectoparasites of fish gills and skin; tissue-grazing, haptor-bearing worms including Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, and capsalids, with disputed Monogenea monophyly.
Monoplacophora
Monoplacophora (Tryblidia) is a class of small deep-sea molluscs with a single caplike shell and serially repeated gills, kidneys, and muscles. Thought extinct since the Devonian, living Neopilina was dredged off Costa Rica in 1952; genomes place it sister to other Conchifera.
Monopterus albus
Monopterus albus, the Asian swamp eel or rice-field eel (鳝鱼), is an air-breathing synbranchid fish of Asia, a major Chinese aquaculture species, a protogynous sex-reversing vertebrate, and a High-risk U.S. invasive established in Florida, Georgia, and Hawaii.
Monosomy 13q14 syndrome
Monosomy 13q14 syndrome (Del(13)(q14), ORPHA:1587) is a rare chromosomal deletion syndrome of chromosome band 13q14 causing retinoblastoma, developmental delay, variable intellectual disability, and characteristic craniofacial dysmorphism.
Monosomy 18p syndrome
Monosomy 18p syndrome (18p-, De Grouchy syndrome type I) is a rare deletion of chromosome 18's short arm, incidence about 1:50,000, causing developmental delay, short stature, and dysmorphic facial features.
Monosomy 18q syndrome
Monosomy 18q syndrome, or De Grouchy syndrome type 2, is a rare chromosomal disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 18, causing developmental delay and hypotonia.
Monosomy 22 syndrome
Monosomy 22 syndrome (Del(22), ORPHA:96123) is a rare autosomal anomaly from partial or complete loss of chromosome 22, with short stature, joint abnormalities, cardiac defects, craniofacial dysmorphism, and intellectual disability; distinct from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
Monosomy 9p syndrome
Monosomy 9p syndrome (9p deletion syndrome, Alfi syndrome, OMIM 158170): rare chromosomal disorder from deletion of chromosome 9p, causing developmental delay, trigonocephaly, hypotonia, and XY genital defects via DMRT1 loss.
Monotis
Monotis is an extinct Late Triassic pectinoid bivalve genus (family Monotidae), a thin-shelled flat clam and leading Norian index fossil; about 15 species died out at the Norian/Rhaetian boundary, leaving dwarfed Rhaetian survivors.
Monotreme
Monotreme (Monotremata): egg-laying mammals of Australia and New Guinea, five living species (platypus plus four echidnas), no teats, milk from belly pores, platypus with 40,000 bill electroreceptors, oldest fossil Teinolophos 130 million years old.