72,234 articles
Monkeypox virus
Monkeypox virus (MPXV), agent of mpox, an orthopoxvirus found in 1958 in monkeys, first human case 1970 in DRC; clades I and II, clade IIb caused the 2022 global outbreak, clade Ib the 2024 emergency.
Mono-Mac-6
Mono-Mac-6 (MM6, CVCL_1426) is a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (AML FAB M5, t(9;11), MLL-AF9) from a 64-year-old man, used as a mature monocyte model in cytokine, pyrogen (MAT), and drug studies.
Monoamine neurotoxin
A monoamine neurotoxin is a chemical agent that selectively kills monoamine-producing neurons, used in laboratory animals to model Parkinson's disease, chiefly 6-OHDA, MPTP, rotenone, and paraquat.
Monoamine oxidase
Monoamine oxidase (MAO-A, MAO-B), FAD-dependent outer mitochondrial membrane enzymes discovered by Mary Bernheim in 1928 as tyramine oxidase, deaminate serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine; their inhibitors were the first antidepressants and MAO-B inhibitors treat Parkinson's disease.
Monoamine oxidase A
Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), encoded by the X-linked MAOA gene, is an outer mitochondrial membrane flavoenzyme degrading serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; its loss causes Brunner syndrome, and its inhibitors were the first antidepressants.
Monoamine oxidase A deficiency
Monoamine oxidase A deficiency (Brunner syndrome) is a very rare X-linked recessive MAOA disorder (Xp11.3, OMIM 300615) causing childhood-onset mild intellectual disability, impulsive aggression, and sometimes violent behavior in males, with elevated urinary tyramine metabolites and reduced MHPG, HVA, VMA, and 5-HIAA.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are antidepressants blocking MAO-A/MAO-B, raising serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Pioneered by iproniazid in the 1950s; known for the tyramine 'cheese reaction' and use in treatment-resistant depression.
Monoamniotic twins
Monoamniotic (monochorionic monoamniotic, MCMA) twins are identical twins sharing one amniotic sac and placenta, arising from embryo splitting 9–13 days after fertilization; marked by near-universal cord entanglement, inpatient monitoring, and delivery at 32–34 weeks.
Monobenzone
Monobenzone (Benoquin, monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone) is a topical depigmenting drug, the only FDA-approved agent for final depigmentation in extensive vitiligo, approved 1952, now de-listed and obtained via compounding.
Monocarbamide dihydrogensulphate
Monocarbamide dihydrogensulphate (urea sulfate, CAS 21351-39-3), a urea-sulfuric acid adduct herbicide/desiccant first registered 1987 as Enquik; corrosive, degrades to urea and sulfuric acid, now mainly a cotton harvest aid.
Monoceratina
Monoceratina Roth, 1928 is an extinct genus of bythocytherid ostracods from the Pennsylvanian of Oklahoma, with elongate carapaces, straight dorsal margin, caudal process, and single spine; Devonian to Miocene range.
Monochamus scutellatus
Monochamus scutellatus, the white-spotted sawyer (MONCST), is a North American longhorn beetle whose larvae bore in felled and dying conifers, damaging sawlogs and vectoring pine wood nematode.
Monochorionic twins
Monochorionic twins are twins who share a single placenta, arising when one fertilized egg divides several days after fertilization; they face shared-circulation complications and need intensive ultrasound surveillance.
Monoclonal antibody
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): identical antibodies made by hybridomas, invented by Köhler and Milstein in 1975, honored by the 1984 Nobel Prize; first therapeutic OKT3 (1986), landmark cancer drug rituximab (1997).
Monoclonal antibody therapy
Monoclonal antibody therapy is a treatment approach using laboratory-produced antibodies, each clone sharing a single antigen-binding specificity, to treat cancer, autoimmune disorders, transplant rejection, and infections.
Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis
Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) is an asymptomatic clonal B-cell expansion below 5 × 10⁹/L without lymphoproliferative features, coined in 2005; low-count (<0.5 × 10⁹/L) rarely progresses, high-count progresses to CLL at 1–2% yearly.
Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance
Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS): kidney damage from a nephrotoxic monoclonal immunoglobulin produced by a small B cell or plasma cell clone not meeting malignancy treatment criteria; diagnosed by kidney biopsy, treated with clone-directed therapy.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is an asymptomatic plasma cell precursor condition with serum M protein under 3 g/dL, under 10% marrow plasma cells, about 1% yearly progression risk to myeloma, and no treatment, only monitoring.
Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease
Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (MIDD), including LCDD, HCDD, and LHCDD, is an MGRS kidney disease with nonorganized Randall-type immunoglobulin chain deposits, treated by clone-directed chemotherapy.
Monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome
Monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome (MMAS, clonal or primary MCAS) is a rare hematologic disorder with recurrent mast cell activation episodes, KIT D816V and/or CD25 clonal mast cells, tryptase under 20 ng/mL, and no systemic mastocytosis criteria.
Monocotyledon
A monocotyledon, or monocot, is a flowering plant whose embryo has a single seed leaf, a group of about 70,000 species including grasses, orchids, and palms.
Monocrotophos
Monocrotophos (CAS 6923-22-4), also sold as Azodrin or Nuvacron, is a water-soluble organophosphate insecticide and acaricide inhibiting acetylcholinesterase; rat oral LD50 14 mg/kg, Rotterdam Convention Annex III, banned or restricted in many countries.
Monocular elevator palsy
Monocular elevator palsy, also called monocular elevation deficiency or double elevator palsy (ICD-11 9C83.02), is inability of one eye to elevate equally in adduction and abduction, caused by inferior rectus restriction, elevator weakness, or a supranuclear lesion, and treated surgically by inferior rectus recession or Knapp transposition.
Monoculture
Monoculture, also known as mono-cropping, is farming in which a single crop species, variety, or livestock breed is grown in a field, underlying most industrial crop production and timber forestry.
Monocyte
Monocyte: bone marrow-derived white blood cell and phagocyte that circulates in blood and becomes macrophages or dendritic cells; human classical, intermediate, and non-classical CD14/CD16 subsets; mononuclear phagocyte system member.
Monocyte-derived dendritic cell
Monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC, mo-DC): an antigen-presenting cell arising from a monocyte rather than dedicated DC progenitors, generated in vitro with GM-CSF and IL-4, appearing in inflammation, and used as the traditional platform for dendritic cell vaccines.
Monod equation
Monod equation: empirical microbial growth law μ = μmax·S/(Ks+S), introduced by Jacques Monod in 1942; μmax is maximum specific growth rate, Ks the half-saturation constant; distinct from Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
Monodelphis
Monodelphis (short-tailed opossums), Burnett 1830, is a speciose genus of small South American didelphid marsupials, about 26 species from eastern Panama to northern Argentina; M. domestica is the first sequenced marsupial and main laboratory model.
Monodonta
Monodonta Lamarck, 1799 is a genus of top shell snails (Trochidae, Monodontinae) with a single columellar tooth; best-known species M. labio, an Indo-Pacific intertidal grazer reaching 25-40 mm.
Monogenea
Monogenea: class of parasitic flatworms (fish flukes such as Gyrodactylus and Dactylogyrus) with a posterior haptor and a direct, single-host life cycle; highly host-specific gill and skin ectoparasites of fish.