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Molossidae
Molossidae, the free-tailed bats, is a pantropical bat family whose bony tail extends beyond the uropatagium. About 85–130 species in two main clades; fast, narrow-winged, open-space insectivores calling at 20–35 kHz.
Molossus
Molossus (velvety free-tailed bats, mastiff bats) is a Neotropical genus of Molossidae bats from the southeastern United States to southern Argentina; species counts range from 14 to 16 after SNP-based revisions, with three cryptic species complexes and aerial insectivory.
Molpadida
Molpadida (Molpadiida), Haeckel 1896, is an order of burrowing sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) with 15 digitate tentacles, reduced tube feet, and a tail; one of seven holothuroid orders, phylogenetically placed within Neoholothuriida.
MOLT-3
MOLT-3 (Molt 3, CVCL_0624) is a human T lymphoblast leukemia cell line established in 1971 from a 19-year-old male ALL patient in relapse; sister line of MOLT-4, suspension-growing, hypertetraploid, CD5/CD7 positive, DSMZ ACC 84 and ATCC CRL-1552.
MOLT-4
MOLT-4 (CVCL_0013, ATCC CRL-1582) is a human T lymphoblast leukemia cell line established in 1971 from a 19-year-old man with ALL in relapse, sister line of MOLT-3; a standard T-ALL and HIV research model in the NCI-60 panel.
Molybdenum and tungsten metabolism
Molybdenum and tungsten metabolism is the branch of trace-element biochemistry covering how cells acquire molybdate and tungstate, bound to a pterin cofactor, to power redox enzymes.
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, or Moco biosynthesis, is the conserved four-step GTP-to-cPMP-to-MPT pathway (genes MOCS1, MOCS2, MOCS3, GPHN) that activates molybdenum for sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and mARC; defects cause MoCD, treatable in type A with cPMP.
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD), types A/B/C from MOCS1, MOCS2, MOCS3, or GPHN mutations, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease causing sulfite oxidase loss, neonatal seizures, and encephalopathy; fosdenopterin treats type A.
Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase, C-terminal
Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase, C-terminal (MOSC domain, InterPro IPR005302, Pfam PF03473): a β-barrel protein domain with a conserved cysteine that binds sulfurated molybdenum cofactor and activates xanthine oxidase family enzymes; also a widespread molybdoenzyme family (mARC, YiiM, YcbX).
Molybdenum deficiency
Molybdenum deficiency, impairment of molybdenum-dependent enzymes such as sulfite oxidase; dietary deficiency has never been observed in healthy humans, with one 1981 parenteral-nutrition case and the rare genetic molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
Molybdenum transport protein ModE-like
Molybdenum transport protein ModE-like (InterPro IPR051815): bacterial molybdate-responsive transcriptional regulators, archetype E. coli ModE, a homodimer with winged HTH DNA-binding and Mop molybdate-binding domains that represses modABC and activates molybdoenzyme genes.
Molybdopterin
Molybdopterin, also called pyranopterin, is the organic ligand of the molybdenum cofactor, a tricyclic pterin that binds molybdenum or tungsten in nearly all enzymes containing those metals.
Molybdopterin oxidoreductase
Molybdopterin oxidoreductases are enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions through the molybdenum cofactor, transferring an oxygen atom between water and a substrate; they occur across nearly all living species.
Molybdopterin synthase sulfur carrier subunit
Molybdopterin synthase sulfur carrier subunit (MOCS2A in humans, MoaD in E. coli) is the ubiquitin-like small subunit of MPT synthase that carries sulfur as a C-terminal thiocarboxylate to build molybdopterin's dithiolene in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis.
Molybdopterin synthase sulfurylase MoeB
MoeB, the molybdopterin synthase sulfurylase (MSAE) of Escherichia coli, ATP-dependently adenylates the ubiquitin-like sulfur carrier MoaD so IscS can thiocarboxylate it for molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis; its MoeB–MoaD structure (PDB 1JW9) revealed the evolutionary origin of E1-ubiquitin activation.
Momelotinib
Momelotinib (OJJAARA, Omjjara) is an oral JAK1/JAK2/ACVR1 inhibitor approved in 2023 for intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis with anemia, distinguished from other JAK inhibitors by improving hemoglobin and transfusion independence via hepcidin suppression.
MOMO syndrome
MOMO syndrome (OMIM 157980) is an ultra-rare genetic overgrowth/obesity syndrome first described in 1993, defined by macrocephaly, obesity, intellectual disability, and ocular abnormalities such as retinal coloboma; only about eight cases are reported and its genetic cause is unknown.
Momordica
Momordica, a genus of about 50 climbing Cucurbitaceae herbs native to the Old World tropics, includes bitter melon (M. charantia), gac, and spine gourd, valued as vegetables and for cucurbitane triterpenoid phytochemicals.
Momordica charantia
Momordica charantia (bitter melon, bitter gourd, balsam pear) is a Cucurbitaceae vine of African origin domesticated in Asia, grown for its bitter edible fruit, used in folk medicine for diabetes, though meta-analyses find no significant clinical metabolic benefit.
MOMS trial (NCT00060606)
MOMS (NCT00060606), the Management of Myelomeningocele Study, a NICHD-funded US randomized trial at CHOP, Vanderbilt, and UCSF; 183 women showed prenatal spina bifida repair cut shunting (40% vs 82%) and improved walking, with higher preterm birth risk.
Monachella
Monachella (Salvadori, 1874) is a monotypic genus of Australasian robins (Petroicidae) holding only the Torrent Flyrobin, Monachella muelleriana, a fast-flowing-stream specialist of New Guinea and New Britain, placed in the subfamily Microecinae by molecular phylogeny.
MONALEESA-2 trial
A phase 3 Novartis trial showing ribociclib plus letrozole as first-line treatment for HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer extended median overall survival to 63.9 months.
Monalide
Monalide (CAS 7287-36-7) is a chloroanilide selective herbicide, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpentanamide, developed by Mitsui Toatsu for vegetable crops and not approved in the EU.
Monalizumab
Monalizumab (IPH2201), Innate Pharma's humanized IgG4 anti-NKG2A checkpoint antibody partnered with AstraZeneca; Phase II head and neck cancer response of 31% with cetuximab, but the Phase III INTERLINK-1 trial met futility.
Monarch butterfly
Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), North America's iconic orange-and-black migratory butterfly; caterpillars eat only milkweed and sequester toxic cardenolides. Eastern and western populations migrate to Mexico and California; populations have declined over 80-95%, prompting threatened/endangered listings.
Monarch butterfly migration
Monarch butterfly migration: multi-generational movement of Danaus plexippus; eastern population flies up to 3,000 miles to central Mexico over four generations, western to coastal California; navigated by a time-compensated sun compass; populations have declined about 80% since the mid-1990s.
Monarch flycatcher
Monarch flycatchers (Monarchidae, Bonaparte 1854) are an Old World and Pacific passerine family of monarchs, paradise flycatchers, and shrikebills, about 15 genera and 105 species, with Melampitta as sister and several genera paraphyletic.
Monarcha
Monarcha is a genus of monarch flycatchers (family Monarchidae, Passeriformes) established by Vigors & Horsfield in 1827, now restricted to about 7-9 Australo-Pacific species such as the Black-faced Monarch after molecular phylogenies showed the traditional broad genus was paraphyletic.
monarchE trial
monarchE (NCT03155997) is a phase III trial showing adjuvant abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy improves invasive disease-free survival in HR+, HER2−, node-positive, high-risk early breast cancer; basis for 2021 FDA approval.
Monarda
Monarda (beebalm, bee balm, wild bergamot, horsemint) is a North American genus of about 25 aromatic mint-family (Lamiaceae) perennials, published by Linnaeus in 1753, grown ornamentally and known for Oswego tea and susceptibility to powdery mildew.