72,234 articles
Molecular clock
Molecular clock: the steady accumulation of genetic differences used, with fossil, geological, or dated-sample calibrations, to estimate divergence times; rates vary across lineages, so relaxed and local clock models are standard.
Molecular cloning
Molecular cloning: laboratory methods for isolating and copying a specific DNA segment by inserting it into a self-replicating vector. Also called recombinant DNA cloning; spans restriction-ligation, Golden Gate, Gibson, and Gateway methods, originating with Cohen and Boyer in 1973.
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
Molecular diagnostic techniques are molecular biology methods, chiefly PCR, sequencing, isothermal amplification, microarrays, and CRISPR assays, used to diagnose disease by detecting DNA or RNA from pathogens, tumors, or human genomes.
Molecular Evolution
Molecular evolution: study of how DNA, RNA, and protein sequences change over time. Covers the molecular clock (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1965), Kimura's neutral theory, relaxed-clock dating methods, and genome-level constraints.
Molecular farming
Molecular farming, also known as molecular pharming, is a biomanufacturing method that uses plants, plant cell cultures, moss, or duckweed to produce recombinant proteins, vaccines, antibodies, and other pharmaceuticals.
Molecular hybridization
Molecular hybridization is a bench biology method in which a labeled probe pairs with a complementary DNA or RNA target, forming a duplex that is detected or localized.
Molecular Imaging (procedure)
Molecular imaging is a medical imaging procedure in which molecularly targeted probes visualize biochemical and cellular processes in living subjects, spanning PET, MRI, ultrasound, fluorescence, and microscopy.
Molecular immunology
Molecular Immunology (ISSN 0161-5890) is an Elsevier peer-reviewed immunology journal founded in 1979, continuing Immunochemistry, covering cellular, biochemical, and genetic mechanisms of immunity; Impact Factor 3.700 (2025), Q2 in Immunology.
Molecular motor
Molecular motor (motor protein): ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme converting chemical energy to motion. Main classes are kinesin (plus-end microtubule), dynein (minus-end), and myosin (actin); processive stepping, 8-nm kinesin steps, dynein-dynactin regulation.
Molecular pharmacology
Molecular pharmacology: study of molecular actions and interactions of drugs, rooted in receptor theory (Langley, 1905); also the ASPET journal Molecular Pharmacology (Mol Pharmacol), founded July 1965, ISSN 0026-895X.
Molecular phylogenetics of Heterobranchia
Molecular phylogenetics of Heterobranchia uses DNA sequence data to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among higher gastropod molluscs, showing that the traditional sea slug group Opisthobranchia is not monophyletic.
Molecular Plant Pathology (journal)
Molecular Plant Pathology (MPP, ISSN 1364-3703) is a Wiley open access journal of the British Society for Plant Pathology, founded in 2000, edited by Ralph Dean, publishing molecular plant disease research with CiteScore 9.2 and Impact Factor 5.0.
Molecular Psychiatry
Molecular Psychiatry (Mol Psychiatry) is a monthly Springer Nature peer-reviewed journal founded in 1996 by Julio Licinio and Ma-Li Wong, covering biological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders; 2025 impact factor 10.4, ISSN 1359-4184.
Molecular regulation of cardiovascular development
Molecular regulation of cardiovascular development is the gene regulatory network, anchored by NKX2-5, GATA, MEF2, and HAND factors plus Wnt, BMP, and Notch signals, that builds the embryonic heart.
Molecular regulation of pharyngeal arch patterning
The molecular regulation of pharyngeal arch patterning is the process by which Hox and Dlx genes and signaling pathways give each embryonic pharyngeal arch its identity.
Molecular Typing
Molecular typing, or pathogen DNA fingerprinting, identifies microbial strains by genetic material to distinguish outbreak from nonoutbreak strains; methods span PFGE, MLST, cgMLST, and whole-genome sequencing.
Molecular-era lichen taxonomy (2001–present)
Molecular-era lichen taxonomy is the reshaping of lichen classification by DNA sequence data since 2001, showing that genera defined by morphology often do not match evolutionary trees.
Molgramostim
Molgramostim (Molgradex, Leucomax) is an E. coli-derived recombinant human GM-CSF, inhaled 300 µg daily for autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; positive IMPALA and IMPALA-2 trials, not FDA-approved.
Molindone
Molindone (SPN-810) is a dihydroindolone first-generation antipsychotic approved in 1974 for schizophrenia, known for causing weight loss rather than gain, akathisia, MAO inhibition, and no longer being manufactured.
Molinia
Molinia (Schrank, 1789) is a genus of two accepted perennial grasses in Poaceae, native from Europe to Ethiopia; Molinia caerulea, purple moor-grass, dominates wet heaths and uplands and expands when mowing or grazing ceases.
Molinia caerulea
Molinia caerulea, purple moor-grass (Moor grass), a tufted Poaceae perennial native from Europe to W. Siberia and Ethiopia; a strong competitor dominating moors, fens, and degraded peatlands, managed by cutting, grazing, and mowing.
Mollugo
Mollugo (carpetweed genus) is a genus of annual herbs in Molluginaceae, Caryophyllales, published by Linnaeus in 1753; 13 accepted species native to the New World, Angola, Cape Provinces, India, and Sri Lanka, including the weedy green carpetweed Mollugo verticillata.
Mollusc shell
Mollusc shell: the calcified exoskeleton of molluscs (snails, bivalves, cephalopods), secreted by the mantle from calcium carbonate (calcite or aragonite) plus protein and chitin in periostracum, prismatic, and nacre layers.
Mollusca
Mollusc (phylum Mollusca): soft-bodied invertebrates with a muscular foot, mantle, and often a shell; second-largest animal phylum, about 200,000 species including snails, bivalves, and cephalopods.
Molluscum contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum (MCV, a poxvirus skin infection): umbilicated 2–5 mm papules in children and adults, spread by skin contact, fomites, and wet environments; self-limiting in 6 months to 2 years; imiquimod abandoned, cantharidin and berdazimer now FDA-approved.
Molly Cooke
Molly Cooke is an American professor of medicine at UCSF, a practicing internist, and a leader in medical education reform elected to the National Academy of Medicine.
Molly Joel Coye
Molly Joel Coye is an American physician and health-system innovator, a former state health director in New Jersey and California elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 1994.
Molly Przeworski
Molly Przeworski is an American-born population and evolutionary geneticist, professor of biological sciences at Columbia University, known for showing recombination landscapes evolve rapidly and selective sweeps were rare in recent human evolution.
MOLM-13
MOLM-13 (CVCL_2119, RRID:CVCL_2119) is a human acute myeloid leukemia cell line from a 20-year-old man's peripheral blood, carrying KMT2A-MLLT3 (MLL-AF9) fusion and heterozygous FLT3-ITD; a standard model for FLT3 inhibitor and drug-resistance research, distinct from its same-patient sibling MOLM-14.
Molnupiravir
Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801, MK-4482, Lagevrio) is an oral antiviral prodrug of NHC that treats COVID-19 by lethal mutagenesis of SARS-CoV-2 via the viral RdRp, causing G-to-A and C-to-U transitions.