72,234 articles
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) is the mitochondrial liver enzyme catalyzing the first, rate-limiting urea cycle step, making carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia, bicarbonate, and two ATP; NAG-activated; deficiency causes severe hyperammonemia and was the first personalized CRISPR base-editing target (2025).
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency
CPS1 deficiency, or congenital hyperammonemia type I, a rare autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder caused by CPS1 gene mutations, causing neonatal hyperammonemia, low citrulline, and treated with dialysis, diet, transplant, and recently personalized CRISPR therapy.
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase is a conserved, ATP-driven enzyme that produces carbamoyl phosphate, catalyzing the first committed step of pyrimidine and arginine biosynthesis and the urea cycle.
Carbapenam-3-carboxylate synthase, N-terminal
Carbapenam-3-carboxylate synthase, N-terminal (CarA N-terminal domain): domain of carbapenem synthetase, the ATP/Mg2+-dependent enzyme forming (3S,5S)-carbapenam-3-carboxylate; lacks a glutamine pocket, has extended loop 148-173, essential Lys443 general acid.
Carbapenem
Carbapenems, also known as carbapenem antibiotics, are broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics derived from thienamycin, first introduced clinically as imipenem in 1985 and used for serious multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections.
Carbapenem inactivation method
The carbapenem inactivation method (CIM) is a low-cost phenotypic assay that detects carbapenemase production in Gram-negative bacteria using a meropenem disk and an E. coli indicator strain.
Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), also called carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii complex, is a healthcare-associated Gram-negative bacterium resistant to carbapenem antibiotics, driven mainly by OXA carbapenemases, treated preferentially with sulbactam-durlobactam plus a carbapenem.
Carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli
Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC): E. coli resistant to at least one carbapenem or producing a carbapenemase. WHO priority-one pathogen; global pooled prevalence 7%; dominant genes NDM, KPC, OXA-48; lineages shifting from ST131 to ST410 and ST167.
Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), also called carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC, NDM), is a multidrug-resistant hospital pathogen causing pneumonia, bloodstream, and urinary infections with roughly 37% pooled mortality.
Carbapenem resistant Salmonella
Carbapenem resistant Salmonella: Salmonella enterica strains resisting last-line carbapenems via carbapenemases (NDM-1, NDM-5, KPC), porin loss, or therapy-driven resistance; documented in Typhi, Newport, Kentucky, Typhimurium across Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales) are E. coli, Klebsiella, and related gut bacteria resistant to last-line carbapenem antibiotics, often via KPC or NDM carbapenemases; US incidence rose 18% from 2019 to 2023.
Carbaryl
Carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate, trade name Sevin), the first carbamate insecticide (1956), reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase; widely used on crops, gardens, and livestock, highly toxic to bees, with EPA mitigation and endangered-species actions through 2025.
Carbenicillin indanyl
Carbenicillin indanyl (carindacillin, Geocillin) is the oral indanyl-ester prodrug of the penicillin carbenicillin, hydrolyzed after intestinal absorption; formerly marketed by Pfizer in the US, now discontinued there.
Carbetamide
Carbetamide (CAS 16118-49-3) is a phenyl carbamate, pre- and post-emergence herbicide controlling annual grasses in dicot crops via mitosis inhibition; EU approval expired 31 May 2021.
Carbetapentane
Carbetapentane (pentoxyverine) is a non-opioid central antitussive for cold, flu, bronchitis, and sinusitis cough; sigma-1 agonist (Ki 75 nM) with antimuscarinic and local anesthetic actions; ATC R05DB05; FDA nonmonograph since 1987.
Carbetocin
Carbetocin (Duratocin, Pabal) is a long-acting synthetic oxytocin analogue, 100 μg IM/IV, used to prevent postpartum haemorrhage; its heat-stable formulation needs no refrigeration and is WHO-recommended where cold chains fail.
Carbidopa
Carbidopa is a peripheral dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor given with levodopa to treat Parkinson's disease; by blocking conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside the brain, it raises brain levodopa levels and cuts the needed dose by about 75%.
Carbidopa anhydrous
Carbidopa anhydrous (UNII KR87B45RGH, CAS 28860-95-9, C10H14N2O4, MW 226.3) is the water-free form of the peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor combined with levodopa for Parkinson's disease, first marketed in 1975.
Carbidopa/levodopa
Carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet and related brands) is a Parkinson's disease drug combination; carbidopa blocks peripheral levodopa breakdown, cutting required levodopa dose about 75 percent, commercially available since 1975.
Carbimazole
Carbimazole, a thionamide prodrug of methimazole (thiamazole), treats hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis. UK/Europe standard first-line drug for Graves' disease; not approved in the US; key risks agranulocytosis, pancreatitis, teratogenicity.
Carbinoxamine
Carbinoxamine (Clistin, Karbinal ER, Palgic) is a first-generation ethanolamine H1 antihistamine with sedative and anticholinergic effects, approved in the US in 1953 for allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, urticaria, and anaphylaxis adjunct use, contraindicated under age 2.
Carbogen breathing
Carbogen breathing is the inhalation of a carbon dioxide–oxygen gas mixture, typically 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide, used to raise tumor oxygenation during radiotherapy.
Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate, also known as a saccharide, is an organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serves as one of the three macronutrients of the human diet.
Carbohydrate loading
Carbohydrate loading (glycogen supercompensation): pre-event strategy of 8–12 g carbohydrate/kg/day for 24–48 hours plus a training taper to boost muscle glycogen before endurance events over 90 minutes; unrelated to brief sprints or shorter races.
Carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism: the pathways handling glucose, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway, regulated by insulin and glucagon; liver stores about 100 g glycogen, muscle 350 g.
Carbohydrate polymers
Carbohydrate polymers (polysaccharides): long saccharide chains joined by glycosidic bonds, the most abundant natural polymers (cellulose, starch, chitin/chitosan, alginate). Biocompatible, biodegradable materials used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, food, and wastewater treatment; also the name of Elsevier's journal since 1981.
Carbohydrate sulfotransferase
Carbohydrate sulfotransferases (CHSTs) are Golgi membrane enzymes transferring sulfate from PAPS to glycans, building sulfated glycosaminoglycans; CHST3, CHST6, and CHST14 mutations cause skeletal, corneal, and Ehlers-Danlos disorders, and CHST expression marks cancer prognosis.
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin measurement
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) measurement is a blood test detecting chronic heavy alcohol consumption, rising after roughly 40–60 g ethanol daily and normalizing within weeks of abstinence.
Carbon disulphide
Carbon disulphide (CS2, CAS 75-15-0), carbon disulfide, a volatile flammable solvent first synthesized in 1796, used mainly in viscose rayon and cellophane manufacture and a known neurotoxic, cardiotoxic industrial poison.
Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase
Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) is a microbial enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, letting microorganisms use the toxic gas as a resource.