Life and health

Capripoxvirus lumpyskinpox

Capripoxvirus lumpyskinpox, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), is a cattle poxvirus of the genus Capripoxvirus with a ~151 kb dsDNA genome; vector-borne, notifiable, not zoonotic, first described 1929 in Zambia, type strain Neethling.

Oct 15, 2026

Capsazepine

Capsazepine (CPZ) is a synthetic capsaicin analog, developed at Sandoz in 1992 as the first competitive antagonist of capsaicin and the prototypical TRPV1 channel blocker.

Capsella

Capsella is a small genus of flowering plants in the mustard family and a wild relative of Arabidopsis, containing five species including shepherd's purse (C. bursa-pastoris).

Capsella bursa-pastoris

Capsella bursa-pastoris, shepherd's purse, a worldwide Brassicaceae weed and medicinal herb; recent allopolyploid related to Arabidopsis, serious wheat weed in China with ALS herbicide resistance, EU traditional medicine for heavy menstrual bleeding.

Capsicum

Capsicum is the Solanaceae genus of chili and bell peppers, native from Mexico to tropical America, with about 43 accepted species, five independently domesticated (annuum, chinense, frutescens, baccatum, pubescens), and pungency from capsaicinoids.

Capsicum annuum

Capsicum annuum is the most widespread domesticated chili pepper species, covering bell peppers, jalapeños, and cayenne. Domesticated in Mexico over 6,500 years ago from wild var. glabriusculum, it reached Europe in the late 15th century and now anchors global pepper breeding.

Capsicum annuum l. var. annuum, longum group, cayenne, extract

Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum, longum group, cayenne, extract (CAS 84603-55-4, EC 283-256-8) is a cayenne pepper oleoresin rich in capsaicinoids, evaluated as an EU basic substance but not approved, and used as an animal repellent in Canada and the US.

Capsicum chinense

Capsicum chinense, the habanero pepper species, is one of five domesticated chili peppers, native to the Guianas and northern Brazil despite its misleading name. It includes very pungent types such as habanero, Scotch bonnet, and ghost pepper, with white flowers and the pun1² non-pungency allele.

Capsicum frutescens

Capsicum frutescens, also known as the Tabasco pepper or bird pepper, is a semi-domesticated chili pepper species native to the Americas and the source of Tabasco sauce.

Capsicum pubescens

Capsicum pubescens (rocoto, locoto, manzano) is the only one of the five domesticated chile peppers known solely in cultivation, with black seeds, purple flowers, hairy leaves, about 175,000 SHU, and an inferred origin in central-western Bolivia.

Capsid

Capsid: the virus-coded protein shell enclosing a viral genome, protecting it from nucleases and mediating host attachment; built with helical or icosahedral symmetry under Caspar-Klug triangulation rules.

Capsid architecture and symmetry

Capsid architecture and symmetry: how viral protein shells use helical and icosahedral symmetry, Caspar-Klug quasi-equivalence, and symmetry breaking, as revealed by cryo-EM and crystallography.

Capsid assembly scaffolding protein

Capsid assembly scaffolding protein: transient viral protein (e.g., P22 33 kDa SP, φX174 proteins B and D) that templates procapsid assembly, enforces correct capsid size and conformational switching, then exits or is cleaved before the mature virion.

Capsid protein

Capsid protein: virus-encoded protein forming the capsid, the protein shell protecting the viral genome. About 20 unrelated architectural classes exist; many evolved from cellular proteins, and capsid proteins underpin virus-like particle vaccines.

Capsid vertex component 2

Capsid vertex component 2, known as pUL25 or UL25 in herpes simplex virus type 1, is a minor capsid protein that reinforces vertices and retains packaged viral DNA.

Capsular release

Capsular release is a surgical procedure, usually performed arthroscopically, that cuts a contracted joint capsule to restore range of motion and reduce pain, most often for frozen shoulder.

Capsular repair

Capsular repair is the surgical closure of the hip joint capsule incision at the end of hip arthroscopy, restoring stability; leaving it open raises revision and hip replacement risk.

Capsule (pharmacy)

Pharmaceutical capsule: solid oral dosage form enclosing a drug dose in a hard or soft soluble shell, usually gelatin. Patented by Mothes and Dublanc in 1833; two-piece hard capsules from Lehuby's 1846 method; sizes 00 to 5.

Capsule Endoscopes

Capsule endoscopes are swallowable wireless pill cameras imaging the GI mucosa, invented by Gavriel Iddan and Paul Swain, FDA-approved in 2001 as Given Imaging's M2A/PillCam, now first-line for small-bowel bleeding and Crohn's evaluation.

Capsule endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy is a diagnostic procedure in which the patient swallows a miniature wireless camera that images the small bowel, first used in humans in 1999.

Capsulorhexis

Capsulorhexis is a cataract-surgery technique in which the surgeon tears a continuous circular opening in the lens capsule by hand, the standard method since its 1990 description.

Captafol

Captafol (Difolatan), CAS 2425-06-1, is a phthalimide fungicide introduced in 1961 for fruits, vegetables, seed treatment, and wood preservation; IARC Group 2A carcinogen, withdrawn from food crops worldwide by 2010.

CAPTAIN trial

CAPTAIN (NCT07249853) is a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at Beijing Tiantan Hospital testing cilostazol 100 mg BID versus placebo for preventing delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage; not yet recruiting as of November 2025.

Captan

Captan (CAS 133-06-2), a phthalimide fungicide introduced in 1949, protects fruits, vegetables, seeds, and ornamentals; EPA classifies it a Group B2 probable human carcinogen, and the EU renewed its approval to 2039.

CAPTIME trial

CAPTIME (NCT01661920, Suitability of Antibiotic Treatment for Community-acquired Pneumonia) was a Spanish, four-hospital randomized trial testing 5-day, clinical-stability-guided antibiotic treatment against routine 7-10 day duration in adults hospitalized with CAP.