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Cap myopathy
Cap myopathy (cap disease) is a very rare congenital myopathy with facial, respiratory, and limb weakness from ACTA1, TPM2, or TPM3 mutations; severity tracks with the percentage of muscle fibers bearing cap-like thin-filament inclusions.
Cap polyposis
Cap polyposis is a rare, benign colorectal condition in which inflammatory polyps covered by a white cap arise mainly in the rectum, causing rectal bleeding and altered bowel habits.
Capability Brown
Capability Brown (Lancelot Brown, 1716-1783), English landscape designer nicknamed for telling clients their estates had 'capability' for improvement; over 200 projects, Royal Gardener 1764, rolling lawns, serpentine lakes, Blenheim masterpiece.
Capacitation
Capacitation is the post-ejaculatory maturation mammalian sperm undergo in the female tract to gain fertilizing ability; discovered by Austin and Chang in 1951, it involves bicarbonate-triggered cAMP/PKA signaling, cholesterol efflux, hyperactivation, and the acrosome reaction.
Capan-1
Capan-1 (CAPAN-1, ATCC HTB-79) is a human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line established in 1974 from a liver metastasis by Jorgen Fogh at MSK; it carries BRCA2 6174delT, KRAS G12V, SMAD4-null and TP53 mutations and is 5-fluorouracil resistant.
Capan-2
Capan-2 (CAPAN-2, CVCL_0026, ATCC HTB-80) is a human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line isolated in 1975 from a 56-year-old male, with polygonal morphology, KRAS G12V, and well-differentiated xenograft tumor formation.
Cape bushbuck
Cape bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus, imbabala), a spiral-horned antelope of southern and eastern Africa; solitary forest-edge browser, 25-80 kg, disputed taxonomy versus T. scriptus, population about 1.34 million.
Cape fox
Cape fox (Vulpes chama), also called silver jackal or silwervos, is the smallest canid and only true fox of sub-Saharan Africa, a Least Concern, monogamous, nocturnal rodent-eating fox of arid southern Africa.
Cape lion
The Cape lion was a population of lion that lived in southern South Africa and was exterminated in the mid-nineteenth century, historically noted for its large black mane.
Cape vulture
Cape vulture (Gyps coprotheres, Kransaasvoël), a Vulnerable cliff-nesting vulture near-endemic to southern Africa; about 10,000–13,200 mature birds, threatened by poisoning, powerlines, and wind turbines.
Capecitabine
Capecitabine (Xeloda) is Roche's oral fluoropyrimidine prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, FDA-approved 1998 for colorectal, breast, gastric, esophageal, and pancreatic cancers; key facts include X-ACT noninferiority and DPYD testing.
Capecitabine and gemcitabine regimen
The capecitabine and gemcitabine regimen (GEM-CAP, CapGem) is a doublet chemotherapy combining oral capecitabine with intravenous gemcitabine, used to treat advanced pancreatic and biliary tract cancers.
Capecitabine and paclitaxel regimen
The capecitabine and paclitaxel regimen is a combination chemotherapy doublet pairing oral capecitabine, a fluoropyrimidine prodrug, with intravenous paclitaxel, a taxane, given in 21-day cycles for metastatic breast and advanced gastric cancer.
Capelin
Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is a small semelparous pelagic forage fish of Arctic seas, key prey for cod, seabirds, and marine mammals; major stocks in the Barents Sea, Iceland-Greenland, Newfoundland, and Alaska, managed by escapement strategies.
Caper
Capparis spinosa, the caper bush or caper, is a spiny perennial Capparaceae subshrub native from the Mediterranean to Central Asia and the Pacific, whose pickled flower buds are the condiment capers; rich in rutin and other flavonoids.
CAPER trial
CAPER trial (NCT06956664), Exercise Therapy After Caudal Epidural Steroid Injection, a Turkish three-arm randomized trial testing aerobic versus core-stabilization exercise added to physiotherapy after caudal epidural steroid injection for lumbar disc herniation.
Capgras delusion
Capgras delusion (illusion des sosies), described by Joseph Capgras in 1923, is the delusional belief that a familiar person has been replaced by an identical impostor, occurring in schizophrenia, dementia, and brain injury, often refractory to antipsychotics.
Capillariasis
Capillariasis, human infection by the nematodes Capillaria hepatica (hepatic capillariasis, liver biopsy diagnosis) and Capillaria philippinensis (intestinal capillariasis, fish-borne, autoinfection), treated with mebendazole or albendazole.
Capillaritis
Capillaritis, or pigmented purpura (pigmented purpuric dermatoses, purpura simplex), is a chronic benign skin eruption of leaky superficial capillaries causing cayenne-pepper petechiae and brown hemosiderin staining, mainly on the lower legs of adults 40 to 60; ICD-11 EF40.0, distinct from vasculitis.
Capillaroscopy
Capillaroscopy, also called nailfold capillaroscopy, is the noninvasive in-vivo microscopy of capillaries, performed chiefly at the nailfold to detect the microvascular abnormalities of connective tissue diseases.
Capillary
Capillary: the smallest blood vessel, 5–20 µm wide, linking arterioles and venules; site of oxygen, nutrient, and fluid exchange. Discovered by Malpighi in 1660; fluid exchange follows the revised Starling principle with the endothelial glycocalyx.
Capillary blood sampling
Capillary blood sampling collects a small blood sample, usually under 1 mL, by pricking the fingertip, heel, or earlobe, and is widely used in newborn screening and self-monitoring.
Capillary endothelial cell
A capillary endothelial cell forms the single-cell-thick wall of a capillary, the smallest blood vessel and the main site of blood-tissue exchange, and adapts to the organ it serves.
Capillary Fragility
Capillary fragility, also called capillary resistance loss, is the reduced resistance of capillaries to rupture or leakage, assessed by tourniquet or suction tests, seen in dengue, diabetes, hypertension, and aging.
Capillary isoelectric focusing
Capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) is a capillary electrophoresis technique that separates proteins and peptides by isoelectric point, introduced in 1985 and widely used to profile charge variants of biotherapeutic proteins.
Capillary leak syndrome
Capillary leak syndrome (Clarkson disease, SCLS): rare episodic disorder of capillary hyperpermeability causing hypotension, hemoconcentration, hypoalbuminemia; ~500 cases; MGUS in most; IVIG prophylaxis improves survival.
Capillary malformations
Capillary malformations (port-wine stains, nevus flammeus) are congenital low-flow malformations of dilated capillaries and postcapillary venules, appearing as pink to purple birthmarks, sometimes with Sturge-Weber or Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, treated mainly with pulsed dye laser.
Capillary Permeability
Capillary permeability (microvascular or vascular permeability) is the selective exchange of substances across capillary endothelium via transcellular and paracellular routes, governed by the glycocalyx and the revised Starling principle, and raised in inflammation and capillary leak syndrome.
Capillary refill
Capillary refill (CRT) is the bedside test timing skin color return after blanching pressure, used to assess peripheral perfusion and shock; normal under 2 seconds conventionally, varies with age, sex, and temperature, and guides sepsis resuscitation.
Capillary sequencing
Capillary sequencing is the automated form of Sanger DNA sequencing that separates fluorescent fragments in thin capillaries, and remains the gold standard for validating NGS results.