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Caniformia
Caniformia (Kretzoi, 1938) is the dog-like suborder of Carnivora, with nine families from Canidae and Ursidae to the pinniped seals, sister to Feliformia, split by roughly 45-50 million years ago.
Caninae
Caninae is the only living subfamily of Canidae, holding all 34-38 extant canid species (wolves, foxes, jackals, dogs). It evolved in the early Oligocene (~34-32 Ma) in North America from Leptocyon and later spread worldwide.
Canine degenerative myelopathy
Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM), also called chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy, is a fatal adult-onset spinal cord disease of dogs caused by SOD1 mutations (E40K/c.118G>A; T18S in Bernese Mountain Dogs), inherited autosomal recessively with incomplete penetrance, resembling human ALS.
Canine distemper
Canine distemper (hardpad disease) is a highly contagious, often fatal paramyxovirus disease of dogs, ferrets, and wild carnivores worldwide, causing fever, respiratory, GI, and neurologic signs; prevented by MLV vaccination, treated supportively only.
Canine leishmaniasis
Canine leishmaniasis: chronic sand-fly-borne protozoal disease of dogs caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi); 5-10% of infected dogs sicken, treatment controls but rarely cures, and dogs are the main reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis.
Canine parvovirus
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2), a nonenveloped ssDNA virus that emerged in 1978 from an FPV-like parvovirus, causes fatal gastroenteritis in puppies; variants 2a, 2b, 2c circulate worldwide.
Canine reproduction
Canine reproduction covers the dog's estrous cycle, spontaneous ovulation 2-3 days after the LH peak, 62-64 day gestation, ovulation timing, artificial insemination, contraception, and breeding welfare regulation.
Canine tooth
Canine tooth: the single-cusped, single-rooted corner tooth of mammalian dentition (one per quadrant). Known for the primate canine honing complex, strong sexual dimorphism (up to ~80% in Papio), hominin reduction, and sabertooth specialization.
Caninia
Caninia is an extinct genus of solitary rugose coral (horn coral) in family Cyathopsidae, type species C. cornucopiae, ranging Devonian to Permian with radially arranged septa not reaching the axis.
Canis
Canis is the canid genus (Linnaeus, 1758) holding wolves, coyotes, jackals, and the domestic dog, about 7 species; hybridization and gene flow make its species boundaries, such as the African wolf split, actively debated.
Canna (plant)
Canna (canna lily, Indian shot), sole genus of Cannaceae in Zingiberales, native to tropical and subtropical America; about 12 species of rhizomatous herbs grown as ornamentals and for edible Andean starch rhizomes (achira, Canna edulis = C. indica).
Canna cultivars
Canna cultivars are garden varieties of Canna, mostly Canna x generalis, tender rhizomatous perennials with showy flowers and often variegated foliage; key names include Tropicanna ('Phasion'/'Durban'), 'Pretoria' ('Bengal Tiger') and 'Wyoming'.
Canna indica
Canna indica (Indian shot, achira) is a rhizomatous herb native to tropical and subtropical America, described by Linnaeus in 1753, with 166 synonyms including Canna edulis; grown for ornament and starch, invasive in some regions.
Cannabaceae
Cannabaceae (Martinov 1820, nom. cons.; synonyms Celtidaceae, Lupulaceae) is a Rosales family of 10–11 genera, about 117–170 species, including hemp (Cannabis), hops (Humulus), and hackberry trees, wind-pollinated with achenes, drupes, or samaras.
Cannabidiol
Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating cannabis constituent, is approved as purified Epidiolex for Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet, and tuberous sclerosis seizures; weak CB1 binding, CYP2C19/3A4 metabolism, liver and clobazam interaction risks, and mislabeled consumer products distinguish it.
Cannabidiolic acid synthase
Cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS, CBDA synthase) is the FAD-dependent oxidase of Cannabis sativa that cyclizes cannabigerolic acid into CBDA, the CBD precursor; it is the chemotype-determining, ancestral cannabinoid synthase of fiber-type hemp.
Cannabigerol
Cannabigerol (CBG), non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid of Cannabis sativa, formula C21H32O2, isolated 1964; decarboxylation product of CBGA, the precursor cannabinoid to THC, CBD, and CBC; weak CB1, strong TRP-channel pharmacology; hemp-lawful under 0.3% THC.
Cannabinoid
Cannabinoid: umbrella term for phytocannabinoids of Cannabis sativa (THC, CBD, CBG, CBN), endocannabinoids (anandamide, 2-AG), and synthetic/semi-synthetic receptor agonists; covers CB1/CB2 pharmacology, terpenophenolic biosynthesis, approved drugs, and post-2023 delta-8 and HHC regulation.
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), cannabis hyperemesis: cyclic vomiting, abdominal pain, and compulsive hot bathing from chronic cannabis use, relieved by cessation; treated with haloperidol or capsaicin.
Cannabinoid receptor
Cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are class A GPCRs mediating THC and endocannabinoid signaling; CB1 cloned 1990, CB2 1993, Gi/o-coupled, targets for pain, inflammation, and addiction drug development.
Cannabinoid receptor type 1
Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1, CNR1) is a class A GPCR cloned in 1990, the brain's most abundant cannabinoid receptor, mediating THC psychoactivity via Gi/o signaling, with endocannabinoid agonists anandamide and 2-AG.
Cannabinoid receptor type 2
CNR2 (CB2, cannabinoid receptor 2) is the human chromosome 1p36.11 gene encoding the CB2 cannabinoid GPCR, cloned in 1993 from HL-60 cells, 360 amino acids, 44% identical to CB1, expressed mainly in immune cells and targeted by anti-inflammatory drug programs.
Cannabinol
Cannabinol (CBN), a phytocannabinoid of Cannabis sativa, is the air-oxidation degradation product of THC and the first cannabinoid isolated (late 19th century). It preferentially binds CB2, has minimal CB1 affinity, and lacks RCT-supported sleep or psychiatric efficacy.
Cannabis
Cannabis (marijuana, hemp; Cannabis sativa L.) is a Cannabaceae genus domesticated in East Asia about 12,000 years ago, debated as one or several species, defined by THC content, and now partly legalized and reclassified medically.
Cannabis (drug)
Cannabis (marijuana, weed, pot) is a psychoactive drug from Cannabis sativa, with THC as the main intoxicating cannabinoid and CBD non-impairing; widely used globally, FDA-approved only as Epidiolex, dronabinol, and nabilone, and moving from US Schedule I toward Schedule III after the December 2025 executive order.
Cannabis cultivation
Cannabis cultivation, growing Cannabis sativa for hemp fiber, seed, medicine, and drugs; domesticated in East Asia about 12,000 years ago, now grown in at least 150 countries under legal and illicit regimes.
Cannabis drug testing
Cannabis drug testing detects THC or its metabolite 9-carboxy-THC in urine, oral fluid, blood, hair, or breath; urine immunoassay screens at 50 ng/mL, HHS confirms above 15 ng/mL, and results show exposure, not impairment.
Cannabis indica
Cannabis indica, named by Lamarck in 1785 from Indian specimens, is a contested cannabis taxon now usually treated as C. sativa subsp. indica or subsumed into a monotypic, highly diverse species; vernacular indica labels do not reliably predict chemistry.
Cannabis ruderalis
Cannabis ruderalis Janisch., a putative third cannabis species described by Janischevsky in 1924, now usually a synonym of Cannabis sativa; source of the day-neutral autoflowering trait via Autoflower1/Autoflower2 loci.
Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa (hemp, marijuana) is an herbaceous annual Cannabaceae crop domesticated in Central Asia ~12,000 years ago; cannabinoids like THC and CBD are made in female-flower trichomes, and the 0.3% THC threshold legally separates hemp from marijuana.