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Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity test
The carbon monoxide diffusing capacity test (DLCO), also called the transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO), is a pulmonary function test measuring how efficiently the lungs transfer inhaled carbon monoxide into the blood.
Carbon monoxide in meat packaging
Carbon monoxide in meat packaging (CO-MAP): low levels, typically 0.4%, of CO in modified atmosphere packaging that form stable cherry-red carboxymyoglobin, extending meat color shelf life; approved in the U.S. via FDA GRAS notices, banned in the EU over spoilage-masking concerns.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning: illness from inhaled CO, an odorless combustion gas that binds hemoglobin 240-250 times more strongly than oxygen. Key facts: COHb thresholds, 100% oxygen treatment, contested hyperbaric oxygen evidence, prevention.
Carbon nanotube drug delivery
Carbon nanotube drug delivery uses functionalized carbon nanotubes as carriers for drugs, genes, and imaging agents, with cancer therapy the most heavily studied application, though clinical use remains limited.
Carbon nanotube porins
Carbon nanotube porins, or CNTPs, are short carbon nanotube segments that spontaneously insert into lipid membranes as artificial channels, transporting water, ions, and protons and outperforming aquaporins in single-channel water flow.
Carbon stock
Carbon stock: the absolute quantity of carbon held in a pool such as biomass, deadwood, litter, or soil at a given time, also called carbon store; estimated via field allometry, remote sensing, and flux methods for inventories, REDD+, and carbon markets.
Carbonic anhydrase
Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), first zinc metalloenzyme, catalyzes CO2 + H2O ↔ HCO3− + H+ at ~10^6 s−1 via zinc-hydroxide mechanism; eight convergent families; sulfonamide inhibitors treat glaucoma and altitude sickness.
Carboniferous ammonites
Carboniferous ammonites are the fossilized ammonoid cephalopods of the Carboniferous period, dominated by the orders Goniatitida and Prolecanitida, whose rapid turnover underpins the period's biostratigraphy.
Carboniferous bivalves
Carboniferous bivalves are the clams and related molluscs that lived during the Carboniferous period, with byssate epifaunal scallops dominating marine shelves while Carbonicola and related non-marine genera colonized coal-swamp waters.
Carboniferous tetrapod faunas
Carboniferous tetrapod faunas are the four-limbed vertebrate assemblages of the Carboniferous Period, dominated by amphibian-grade animals and preserved in the equatorial coal swamps of Euramerica at sites like Joggins.
Carbophenothion
Carbophenothion (Trithion), CAS 786-19-6, C11H16ClO2PS3, is an organophosphate insecticide-acaricide and cholinesterase inhibitor formerly used on citrus and cotton, now cancelled in the US and considered obsolete by WHO.
Carboplatin
Carboplatin (CBDCA, JM-8, Paraplatin) is a second-generation platinum chemotherapy drug that cross-links DNA; less toxic than cisplatin, dosed by the Calvert formula, standard of care with taxanes in ovarian cancer.
Carboplatin and gemcitabine regimen
The carboplatin and gemcitabine regimen, or Carboplatin-Gemcitabine, is a doublet chemotherapy pairing carboplatin with gemcitabine, standard for recurrent ovarian cancer and advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Carboplatin and paclitaxel regimen
The carboplatin and paclitaxel regimen, abbreviated TC or Carbo-Tax, is a two-drug intravenous chemotherapy combination treating solid tumors, most prominently non-small cell lung and ovarian cancer.
Carboplatin and pemetrexed regimen
The carboplatin and pemetrexed regimen is a doublet chemotherapy combination, given on day 1 of a 21-day cycle, used mainly as first-line treatment of advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Carboplatin and trastuzumab regimen
The carboplatin and trastuzumab regimen pairs the platinum chemotherapy carboplatin with the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab, usually with a taxane, and is used mainly in HER2-positive breast cancer.
Carboplatin and vincristine regimen
The carboplatin and vincristine regimen (CV) is a two-drug combination chemotherapy used mainly as frontline treatment for progressive or symptomatic pediatric low-grade glioma, except BRAF V600E-mutated tumors.
Carboplatin, paclitaxel, and nivolumab regimen
The carboplatin, paclitaxel, and nivolumab regimen combines two chemotherapy drugs with the checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab, given intravenously, and is best established as neoadjuvant treatment of resectable non-small cell lung cancer.
Carboprost methylate
Carboprost methylate (卡前列甲酯, PG05, Kayun) is a Chinese prostaglandin F2α-derivative vaginal suppository for early pregnancy termination with mifepristone and for postpartum hemorrhage; class-1 new drug approved 1987.
Carbosulfan
Carbosulfan (CAS 55285-14-8), a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide and nematicide related to carbofuran, acts by acetylcholinesterase inhibition; EU authorization withdrawn in 2007, still used on rice in Asia.
Carboxin
Carboxin (Vitavax), CAS 5234-68-4, is a systemic oxathiin SDHI fungicide introduced in 1966, used mainly as a cereal seed treatment against smuts, bunts, and seedling diseases.
Carboxy-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II
The carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II is the intrinsically disordered YSPTSPS-repeat tail of the Rpb1 subunit, phosphorylated as polymerase moves through genes to recruit capping, splicing, and processing enzymes.
Carboxyhemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide, which binds about 240 times more strongly than oxygen. Normal under 3% in nonsmokers, under 10% in smokers; measured by CO-oximetry, not standard pulse oximetry.
Carboxypeptidase
Carboxypeptidase, also called metallocarboxypeptidase (M14 family), is a zinc-dependent exopeptidase that cleaves amino acids from the C-terminus of peptides; carboxypeptidase A prefers aromatic residues, B prefers Arg/Lys, structure solved 1967.
Carboxypeptidase A
Carboxypeptidase A (CPA, EC 3.4.17.1) is a pancreatic zinc metalloexopeptidase that cleaves C-terminal aromatic and hydrophobic residues; six mammalian CPA genes exist, and its structure underpinned captopril design.
Carboxypeptidase A6
Carboxypeptidase A6 (CPA6) is a secreted, matrix-bound metallocarboxypeptidase that trims hydrophobic residues from peptide C-termini; its gene was disrupted in a Duane syndrome patient and mutated in epilepsy.
Carboxypeptidase B
Carboxypeptidase B (CPB, EC 3.4.12.3, CPB1) is a zinc-dependent pancreatic exopeptidase that removes C-terminal lysine and arginine residues, secreted as procarboxypeptidase B and used as a serum marker for acute pancreatitis.
Carboxypeptidase E
Carboxypeptidase E (CPE, carboxypeptidase H, enkephalin convertase, EC 3.4.17.10) is a secretory-granule enzyme that trims C-terminal basic residues from prohormones and sorts peptides into the regulated secretory pathway; loss-of-function mutations cause syndromic obesity.
Carboxypeptidase inhibitors
Carboxypeptidase inhibitors are molecules that block carboxypeptidases, including small disulfide-rich proteins such as the potato inhibitor PCI and latexin; PCI and TCI have been studied as experimental fibrinolytic agents.
Carboxytherapy
Carboxytherapy, also called carbon dioxide therapy, is a minimally invasive procedure injecting medical-grade CO2 into the skin to improve oxygenation and treat skin aging, cellulite, stretch marks, and dark circles.