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Cardiac imaging in congenital heart disease
Cardiac imaging in congenital heart disease (CHD) uses echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and CT to define the anatomy and function of heart defects present from birth, with echocardiography as first-line modality.
Cardiac Imaging Techniques
Cardiac imaging techniques: echocardiography, cardiac CT/CCTA, cardiac MRI, SPECT, and PET used to image cardiac structure, function, and perfusion; distinguished by modality-specific resolution, radiation, and diagnostic accuracy data.
Cardiac looping
Cardiac looping is the bending and twisting of the straight embryonic heart tube into a curved S shape, which sets the relative positions of the future atria and ventricles.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR, cardiac MRI) is a radiation-free test using magnetic fields and radio waves to image the heart; key methods include ECG gating, SSFP cine, late gadolinium enhancement, and T1 mapping.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion, also called stress perfusion CMR, is a non-invasive technique tracking gadolinium contrast through the heart muscle to detect ischemia and quantify blood flow.
Cardiac management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Cardiac management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the surveillance and treatment of DMD cardiomyopathy, now the leading cause of death, using early ACE inhibitors, serial imaging, and device therapy.
Cardiac marker
Cardiac marker (cardiac biomarker): blood substance released when the heart is damaged, measured by immunoassay. Cardiac troponin I/T is the preferred marker for myocardial infarction; high-sensitivity troponin assays enable 1–2 hour rule-out, replacing AST, LDH, CK, and CK-MB.
Cardiac monitoring
Cardiac monitoring, or ambulatory ECG monitoring, records heart rhythm over hours to years using Holter monitors, event recorders, patches, telemetry, implantable loop recorders, and smartwatches to detect intermittent arrhythmias.
Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle (heart muscle, myocardium): striated, involuntary, autorhythmic muscle of the heart walls; branched mononuclear cardiomyocytes joined by intercalated discs, contracting via calcium-induced calcium release through RyR2, SERCA, and NCX.
Cardiac muscle cell
Cardiac muscle cell (cardiomyocyte): the contractile, excitable heart cell with a central nucleus and sarcomeric isoforms. Excitation–contraction coupling via L-type Ca2+ channels, RyR2, and SERCA drives rhythmic contraction; regeneration is weak.
Cardiac neural crest
Cardiac neural crest cells are a cranial neural crest subpopulation from the postotic neural tube (mid-otic placode to somite 3) that septates the cardiac outflow tract, remodels the great arteries, and whose disruption causes congenital heart defects such as persistent truncus arteriosus and tetralogy of Fallot.
Cardiac output
Cardiac output (CO) is the blood volume the heart pumps per minute, CO = heart rate × stroke volume. Measured by Fick principle, thermodilution via pulmonary artery catheter, and Doppler, pulse contour, and bioimpedance monitors judged against a ±30% percentage error criterion.
Cardiac pacemaker
Cardiac pacemaker: the sinoatrial node, the heart's natural pacemaker in the right atrium firing at 60–100 bpm, and implanted artificial pacemakers treating bradycardia, including leadless versus transvenous devices.
Cardiac PET
Cardiac PET: positron emission tomography of the heart using tracers such as rubidium-82, nitrogen-13 ammonia, and 15O-water for myocardial perfusion imaging, blood flow quantification, viability, and inflammation, preferred over SPECT for diagnostic accuracy.
Cardiac physiology
Cardiac physiology is the study of how the heart generates and regulates blood flow, spanning electrical and calcium signals, cardiac muscle mechanics, and measurement of cardiac output.
Cardiac plexus
Cardiac plexus: autonomic nerve network at the heart's base where sympathetic cardiac nerves and vagal branches converge into superficial and deep portions, first described by Falloppia in 1561, distributing innervation to atria, ventricles, and intrinsic cardiac ganglia.
Cardiac Procedures Anesthesia
Cardiac procedures anesthesia covers anesthesia for cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass, catheter-lab structural heart interventions, and electrophysiology procedures, including the volatile-versus-TIVA debate, TEE-guided monitoring, and EP-lab sedation practice.
Cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR, cardiac rehab): medically supervised exercise, education, and counseling program after heart attack, heart failure, angioplasty, or heart surgery; reduces hospitalization, with home-based delivery shown similar to center-based.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), or biventricular pacing, treats heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and wide QRS by pacing both ventricles together; established by MUSTIC, COMPANION, and CARE-HF trials.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices, or biventricular pacemakers (CRT-P) and defibrillators (CRT-D), pace both ventricles together to treat heart failure with wide QRS; proven to reduce mortality and hospitalization in major trials.
Cardiac septation
Cardiac septation is the embryonic division of the single-channel heart tube into four chambers, achieved mainly between the fourth and seventh weeks of human development.
Cardiac skeleton
The cardiac skeleton, or fibrous skeleton of the heart, is a framework of dense connective tissue between the atria and ventricles that anchors the four cardiac valves.
Cardiac stress test
A cardiac stress test measures how the heart performs under increased workload, usually treadmill exercise with ECG monitoring, to detect coronary artery disease; drugs replace exercise when patients cannot walk sufficiently.
Cardiac stress testing
Cardiac stress testing monitors the heart with ECG, echocardiography, or cardiac MRI during exercise or drug-induced stress, detecting coronary artery disease and ischemic areas at risk of infarction.
Cardiac surgery
Cardiac surgery, also called heart surgery, is the surgical treatment of heart and thoracic aorta diseases, most commonly coronary artery bypass grafting, via open-heart, off-pump, minimally invasive, or robotic approaches.
Cardiac Surgical Procedures
Cardiac surgical procedures (MeSH D006348) are operations on the heart: CABG, valve repair and replacement, congenital repairs, and transplantation. Field began with Rehn's 1896 wound repair; Gibbon's 1953 heart-lung machine enabled open-heart surgery.
Cardiac syncope
Cardiac syncope, also called cardiovascular syncope, is fainting caused by a heart or great-vessel problem, most often an arrhythmia, and carries the highest risk of sudden cardiac death.
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade (pericardial tamponade): compression of the heart by fluid or blood in the pericardial sac impairing filling; causes obstructive shock; treated by pericardiocentesis or surgical drainage; Beck triad and pulsus paradoxus are key signs.
Cardiac valve development
Cardiac valve development is the embryonic process by which the four heart valves form from endocardial cushions, starting at E9.5 in mouse and E31 to E35 in human.
Cardiac work, energetics and reserve
Cardiac work, energetics and reserve: how the heart converts oxygen into pumping work, measured via pressure-volume loops, PVA, Emax, efficiency, and coronary flow reserve.