72,234 articles
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET, also written CPX) is a non-invasive test that measures breath by breath how the cardiovascular, ventilatory, and gas-exchange systems respond to exercise.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure of chest compressions plus rescue breaths for cardiac arrest, created in 1960 by Kouwenhoven, Safar, and Jude; adults get 100–120 compressions/min at 5–6 cm depth, 30:2 ratio, or Hands-Only CPR.
Cardiorenal syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), also called cardio-renal syndrome, is bidirectional heart-kidney dysfunction classified by Ronco et al. (2008) into five subtypes; key evidence includes the ADHERE registry and the CARRESS-HF ultrafiltration trial.
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), measured as VO2max via CPET, quantifies the body's oxygen-delivery capacity during exercise; each 1-MET higher CRF cuts mortality risk about 14%, making it an AHA-recommended clinical vital sign.
Cardiospondylocarpofacial syndrome
Cardiospondylocarpofacial syndrome (CSCFS, Forney syndrome, OMIM 157800) is an ultrarare autosomal dominant disorder from MAP3K7 loss-of-function variants, causing growth retardation, carpal-tarsal and cervical vertebral fusion, heart defects, and deafness.
Cardiothoracic surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery, also called thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, operates on the heart, great vessels, lungs, esophagus, and thymus. Divided into adult cardiac, thoracic, and congenital surgery; defined by cardiopulmonary bypass, CABG, and TAVR-era practice.
Cardiotocography
Cardiotocography (CTG), known in the United States as electronic fetal monitoring, records fetal heart rate and uterine contractions non-invasively to assess fetal well-being during labor.
Cardiotoxicity
Cardiotoxicity, or cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD), is heart injury from chemotherapy, targeted agents, immune therapies, or radiation. Key facts: anthracycline dose-response, type I vs type II, LVEF/GLS/troponin monitoring, dexrazoxane prevention.
Cardiovascular computed tomography
Cardiovascular computed tomography uses ECG-synchronized X-ray CT to image the heart and coronary arteries; its main form, coronary CT angiography, is a first-line test for chest pain.
Cardiovascular Diagnostic Techniques
Cardiovascular diagnostic techniques (cardiac diagnostic tests): ECG, echocardiography, cardiac CT/MRI, nuclear imaging, stress testing, and catheterization used to diagnose heart and vessel disease, from Einthoven's 1902 electrocardiograph to CCTA and AI-based analysis.
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease, or heart and blood vessel disorders including coronary heart disease and stroke, is the leading global cause of death, killing about 19.8 million people in 2022, roughly 32% of all deaths.
Cardiovascular disease in China
Cardiovascular disease in China: the leading cause of death, causing about 2 in 5 deaths (48.98% rural, 47.35% urban, 2021), with 135.8 million prevalent cases in 2023 and a 190.7/100,000 mortality target for 2030.
Cardiovascular disease in women
Cardiovascular disease in women covers heart and blood vessel disorders in female patients, the leading cause of death among US women, with sex-specific risk factors like pregnancy complications and premature menopause.
Cardiovascular drift
Cardiovascular drift, or cardiac drift, is the progressive rise in heart rate and fall in stroke volume during prolonged constant-rate exercise, amplified by heat and dehydration, reduced in trained athletes, and relevant to heart-rate-based training zones.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a noninvasive imaging technique that measures cardiac chamber volumes, wall motion, and myocardial fibrosis or edema without ionizing radiation or iodinated contrast.
Cardiovascular pain
Cardiovascular pain (ICD-11 MC84): pain from the heart and vessels, chiefly angina and ischemic cardiac pain, with referred chest, arm, neck, and jaw pain, distinguished from noncardiac chest pain.
Cardiovascular physiology
Cardiovascular physiology: how the heart and circulation move blood. Covers cardiac output (HR × SV), preload, afterload, contractility, pressure-volume loops, Frank–Starling law, coronary flow autoregulation, and modern multiomics and arterial stiffness research.
Cardiovascular Research
Cardiovascular Research is a peer-reviewed journal covering basic and translational cardiovascular science, founded in 1967 and published by Oxford University Press for the European Society of Cardiology.
Cardiovascular response to exercise
The cardiovascular response to exercise is the coordinated adjustment of the heart and circulation that raises oxygen delivery to working muscle, lifting cardiac output from about 5 L/min at rest to 20–40 L/min.
Cardioversion
Cardioversion, also called synchronized cardioversion or electrical cardioversion, restores normal sinus rhythm in arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation using a synchronized electric shock or antiarrhythmic drugs; pioneered by Bernard Lown in 1962.
CARDIPP study
CARDIPP (CArdiovascular Risk factors in patients with DIabetes – a Prospective study in Primary care) is a Swedish prospective cohort of 761 primary-care patients with type 2 diabetes aged 55–65, run by Linköping University (NCT01049737), with baseline 2005–2008, CARDIPP-R re-investigation, and registry-linked cardiovascular outcomes.
Cardoon
Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. altilis), the artichoke thistle, is a Mediterranean Asteraceae vegetable grown for blanched leaf stalks, seed-propagated as an annual, domesticated in the western Mediterranean, also used for cheese rennet and bioenergy.
Cardosin (cardoon vegetable rennet)
Cardosin: aspartic proteases (cardosins A and B) from cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) flowers used as vegetable rennet for Iberian PDO sheep and goat cheeses; broader casein specificity than chymosin; recombinant cardosin B rennets developed.
Carduelis
Carduelis (Brisson, 1760) is a finch genus of Fringillidae, type species the European goldfinch Carduelis carduelis; molecular phylogenies proved the traditional broad genus polyphyletic, splitting it into Chloris, Spinus, Acanthis, Linaria and allies.
Carduelis cannabina
Carduelis cannabina, the common linnet (now Linaria cannabina), a small Fringillidae finch of Europe, Asia, and north Africa; a declining farmland bird, IUCN Least Concern, UK Red List since 1996.
Carduelis chloris
Carduelis chloris, now Chloris chloris, the European greenfinch, a Fringillidae finch of Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia; IUCN Least Concern with 48-74 million mature individuals, but UK population down 66% from trichomonosis.
Carduelis flammea
Carduelis flammea is a synonym of Acanthis flammea, the redpoll or common redpoll, a small Holarctic finch. In 2024 the Lesser and Hoary Redpolls were merged into this single species.
Carduelis flavirostris
Carduelis flavirostris, the twite, now Linaria flavirostris, is a small streaky brown finch of European and Asian uplands and coasts; UK Red-listed, about 7,800 pairs, 97.6% in Scotland.
Carduelis spinus
Carduelis spinus, the Eurasian siskin (Spinus spinus, 黄雀), is a small Palearctic finch of coniferous woodland that eats alder, birch, and pine seeds, visits feeders, and is Least Concern despite a declining European trend.
Carduus
Carduus (plumeless thistles) is a spiny Asteraceae genus published by Linnaeus in 1753, with about 80-90 species native to temperate Eurasia and North Africa; several, like Carduus nutans and C. pycnocephalus, are invasive weeds.