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Celiac plexus block
A celiac plexus block is a regional anesthesia procedure that injects anesthetic or a neurolytic agent around the celiac plexus to relieve upper abdominal pain, most often pancreatic cancer pain.
Celiprolol
Celiprolol (Cardem) is a third-generation beta-blocker with beta1-antagonist, beta2-agonist, and alpha2-antagonist actions, used for hypertension and angina and as the leading drug for vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in Europe; not approved in the US.
Celivarone
Celivarone (SSR149744C, ATI-2042) is an investigational noniodinated benzofuran antiarrhythmic related to amiodarone; it failed to show significant efficacy in the ALPHEE, MAIA, and CORYFEE trials.
Cell
Cell: the membrane-bounded basic unit of life, in prokaryotic (Bacteria, Archaea) and eukaryotic forms with a nucleus and organelles. Covers cell theory (Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, Remak, Virchow), endosymbiosis, and size limits.
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms, a bounded mass of cytoplasm containing genetic material, capable of metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Cell biology
Cell biology: the study of cells, the basic units of life. Covers cell theory (Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, Remak, Virchow), prokaryotic versus eukaryotic structure, organelles, microscopy, and endosymbiotic theory (Mereschkowski, Margulis).
Cell cloning
Cell cloning is a bench biology method that expands a single isolated cell into a genetically uniform cell line, used in hybridoma production, recombinant protein development, and gene editing.
Cell clustering
Cell clustering is a computational method that groups single cells with similar gene expression profiles into clusters, typically using Louvain or Leiden algorithms on a nearest-neighbor graph.
Cell Count
Cell count: the number of cells of a specific kind per unit volume or area. Also called cell enumeration or cell density; measured manually by hemocytometer or automatically by Coulter-principle and optical instruments.
Cell cryopreservation
Cell cryopreservation is the preservation of living cells by cooling them to cryogenic temperatures, typically with 10% DMSO and storage in liquid nitrogen vapor, underpinning cell banking and cell therapy.
Cell culture
Cell culture: growth of dissociated cells in vitro (ISO 21709), from Harrison 1907 to organoids and cultivated meat; covers media, FBS, 5% CO2/37 °C, finite vs immortalized lines, STR authentication, CHO biomanufacturing, and misidentification rates.
Cell cycle
Cell cycle: the ordered G1, S, G2, M sequence by which eukaryotic cells replicate DNA and divide, driven by cyclin-CDK complexes, guarded by checkpoints, and deregulated in cancer; distinct from meiosis.
Cell cycle checkpoint
Cell cycle checkpoint: surveillance pathways (ATM/ATR-CHK, p53-p21, spindle assembly checkpoint/Mad2-APC/C) that arrest G1/S, G2/M, or anaphase on DNA damage, replication stress, or spindle errors; failure drives cancer and checkpoint kinases are drug targets.
Cell cycle link protein Clink
Clink (cell cycle link protein) is a nanovirus-encoded protein, FBNYV C10 (O91253) and BBTV DNA-C (Q65389), that binds pRB via an LxCxE motif and SKP1 via an F-box, stimulating viral DNA replication.
Cell damage
Cell damage (cell injury) is disruption of cellular homeostasis by stress. Key mechanisms: ATP depletion, membrane permeabilization, pathway disruption, DNA damage; outcomes range from reversible swelling to oncosis, apoptosis, and necrosis.
Cell death protein 4
Cell death protein 4 (CED-4), the ced-4 gene product of Caenorhabditis elegans, is an Apaf-1-homologous adaptor that forms an octameric apoptosome to activate the caspase CED-3, regulated by CED-9 sequestration and EGL-1 release.
Cell depletion therapy
Cell depletion therapy is a treatment that selectively eliminates defined cell populations, such as B cells, T cells, or cancer cells, using antibodies or engineered cells.
Cell Differentiation
Cell differentiation is the process by which unspecialized young cells acquire distinct traits and mature into specialized cells, underpinning embryonic development, tissue maintenance, and regeneration.
Cell disruption
Cell disruption is the laboratory step of permeating or breaking open cells to release proteins, nucleic acids, or metabolites, by methods classified as physical, chemical, or mechanical.
Cell division
Cell division: the process by which a parent cell splits into daughter cells. Two eukaryotic modes, mitosis (identical body cells) and meiosis (haploid gametes, 46 to 23 chromosomes), plus prokaryotic binary fission, CDK-cyclin control, and checkpoints.
Cell division cycle protein 123
CDC123 (D123, C10orf7), human gene at 10p14-p13 encoding an ATP-grasp ATPase chaperone that assembles the eIF2 translation-initiation complex by binding eIF2γ; essential in yeast, linked to breast cancer, type II diabetes, and COPD.
Cell division protein Cdc6/18
Cell division protein Cdc6/18 (CDC6, Cdc18 in fission yeast) is a conserved AAA+ ATPase and winged-helix pre-RC component that with ORC and Cdt1 loads MCM2-7 helicase at replication origins; CDK-regulated degradation prevents rereplication, and its overexpression marks several cancers.
Cell division protein FtsQ
FtsQ (FtsQ, cell division protein) is an essential bitopic inner-membrane divisome protein of E. coli and other bacteria; a periplasmic interaction hub binding FtsB, FtsL, and FtsN, with conserved Y248 hotspot and proposed as an antibacterial PPI target.
Cell division protein FtsZ
FtsZ (filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z) is the essential tubulin-homolog GTPase that forms the constricting Z ring for bacterial and archaeal cell division; absent in humans, it is a pursued but not yet commercialized antibiotic target.
Cell encapsulation
Cell encapsulation surrounds living cells with a semi-permeable hydrogel or membrane that excludes immune cells and antibodies while allowing nutrients, oxygen, and secreted proteins to cross.
Cell fixation
Cell fixation is a laboratory technique that preserves cells and tissues by cross-linking or denaturing their biomolecules, so structure and molecular localization survive microscopy, staining, or analysis.
Cell fractionation
Cell fractionation is a cell biology method that breaks cells open and separates organelles, membranes, and proteins into enriched fractions by centrifugation, enabling analysis of cellular compartments.
Cell fusion
Cell fusion is the merging of two or more cells into a single cell, occurring naturally during development and induced in the laboratory to make hybridomas.
Cell genomics
Cell Genomics (ISSN 2666-979X) is a Cell Press/Elsevier gold open access, monthly genomics journal launched 13 October 2021, founding editor Orli G. Bahcall, APC USD 8,900, Impact Factor 8.4, distinct from the single-cell genomics research field.
Cell growth
Cell growth is the increase in cell size or biomass via biosynthesis, coordinated with cell division through size-sensing, N:C ratio control, and mTOR nutrient signaling; misregulation links to cancer, hypertrophy, and senescence.