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Cell Survival
Cell survival, also called cell viability, is a cell's capacity for metabolism, growth, reproduction, and responsiveness. Measured by dye exclusion, metabolic, ATP, flow cytometry, and clonogenic assays, with assay choice strongly affecting results.
Cell synchronization
Cell synchronization arrests a cultured cell population at a chosen cell cycle stage, or releases it so all cells progress in unison, enabling study of cell cycle-regulated processes.
Cell theory
Cell theory: the principle that all organisms consist of cells, the cell is life's basic unit, and cells arise only from preexisting cells; formulated by Schleiden, Schwann, Remak, and Virchow (1838–1855).
Cell tracking
Cell tracking is a microscopy and image-analysis method that follows individual cells across time-lapse frames, producing trajectories, lineage trees, and measurements of motility and division.
Cell Transplantation (procedure)
Cell transplantation (procedure): transfer of living autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic cells to restore tissue function; PBSCT is the most common form, pioneered by E. Donnall Thomas (1990 Nobel Prize), with rejection and GVHD as key complications.
Cell type
Cell type: a category of cells sharing distinctive phenotype and function, e.g. lymphocytes, melanocytes, squamous cells; identified by morphology, marker genes, and transcriptomics, encoded in the genome, cataloged in the Cell Ontology, and central to cancer diagnosis.
Cell type deconvolution
Cell type deconvolution is a computational method that estimates cell type proportions in a bulk tissue sample from gene expression, using a reference matrix or single-cell RNA-seq data.
Cell unjamming transition
The cell unjamming transition is a densely packed tissue's shift from solid-like rigidity, with cells caged, to fluid-like flow, seen in development, asthma, and cancer.
Cell viability assay
A cell viability assay is a bench biology method that estimates the proportion of living cells in a culture, usually through a metabolic, dye-based, or ATP readout.
Cell wall
Cell wall: rigid carbohydrate layer outside the plasma membrane of plants (cellulose), fungi (chitin, β-glucans), algae, most bacteria (peptidoglycan), and many archaea (pseudomurein, S-layers); absent in animals and mycoplasmas; prevents osmotic lysis and defines cell shape.
Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy
Cell- and tissue-based therapy, or HCT/Ps, treats disease with living human cells or tissues, spanning stem cell transplants, CAR-T, and Tregzi (2026); FDA-approved products are few, while over 2,700 US clinics sell unproven versions.
Cell-attached patch clamp
Cell-attached patch clamp is an electrophysiology technique in which a glass pipette seals onto an intact cell, recording single ion channel currents from the membrane patch under the tip.
Cell-based vaccine
Cell-based vaccine: influenza vaccine (Flucelvax) grown in MDCK mammalian cells instead of eggs; FDA approved 2012, egg-free since 2019-2020, avoiding egg-adapted mutations; effectiveness evidence mixed.
Cell-extracellular matrix interactions
Cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions: integrin-mediated adhesions such as focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes linking cells to collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, enabling bidirectional signaling, mechanotransduction, motility, survival, and differentiation.
Cell-free DNA analysis
Cell-free DNA analysis detects short DNA fragments circulating freely in blood and other body fluids, used in prenatal screening, cancer detection and monitoring, and transplant surveillance.
Cell-free DNA screening
Cell-free DNA screening is a noninvasive prenatal test that analyzes fetal DNA fragments in a pregnant woman's blood to screen for chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 21.
Cell-free protein synthesis
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a bench biology method that produces proteins in vitro from cell lysates, chosen for speed and for proteins toxic to living cells.
Cell-free system
A cell-free system performs biological reactions such as protein synthesis outside living cells, using crude cell extract or purified enzymes, and is a standard synthetic biology tool.
Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity): adaptive immune response carried out by T lymphocytes rather than antibodies, defending against intracellular microbes via cytotoxic CD8+ and helper CD4+ T cells.
Cell–cell fusion assay
A cell–cell fusion assay measures the merging of two cells' membranes and cytoplasm, using split reporter genes so that reporter activity signals when cell contents mix.
Cellana
Cellana is a genus of true limpets (Nacellidae, Patellogastropoda) established by H. Adams in 1869, distributed across the Indo-Pacific with many endemic island species, including Hawaiian C. exarata, C. sandwicensis, and C. talcosa.
Cellular differentiation
Cellular differentiation: the epigenetic process by which less specialized cells become specialized cell types through controlled gene-expression changes, chromatin compaction, and commitment, reversible via reprogramming, dedifferentiation, and transdifferentiation.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic pathways converting glucose into ATP: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, yielding about 38 ATP per glucose, with fermentation and anaerobic respiration as oxygen-free alternatives.
Cellular response to hypoxia
Cellular response to hypoxia: the HIF pathway (HIF-1α, PHD1-3, FIH, VHL), the oxygen-sensing hydroxylation mechanism, its 2019 Nobel recognition, and roles in cancer and inflammation.
Cellular responses to stress
Cellular responses to stress are conserved molecular programs, including the heat shock response, UPR, and integrated stress response, that detect macromolecular damage and decide between repair, arrest, and cell death.
Cellular Senescence (concept)
Cellular senescence: essentially permanent cell cycle arrest with apoptosis resistance and SASP secretion, discovered as the Hayflick limit by Hayflick and Moorhead in 1961; a tumor suppressor, tissue-remodeling program, driver of aging, and senolytic drug target.
Cellular thermal shift assay
The cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) is a bench biology method that tests drug binding inside living cells by heating treated cells and measuring soluble target protein.
Cellulite
Cellulite: lumpy, dimpled skin on thighs, hips, buttocks, and abdomen, affecting 80-90% of post-pubertal women; caused by fat herniating through fibrous septae; treatments target septae.
Cellulitis
Cellulitis, related to erysipelas, is an acute bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, usually streptococcal, entering through broken skin; diagnosed clinically, treated with about 5 days of antibiotics, and frequently misdiagnosed (mean 41%).
Cellulocutaneous plague
Cellulocutaneous plague (ICD-11 1B93.1; ICD-10-CM A20.1) is a rare cutaneous form of Yersinia pestis infection, with inflammation and necrosis at the flea-bite inoculation site rather than a bubo; treated like other plague forms.