72,234 articles
Cistanche
Cistanche (desert hyacinth, desert ginseng; Rou Cong Rong) is a genus of holoparasitic Orobanchaceae desert plants from Macaronesia to China, used for millennia in herbal medicine, taxonomically confused, with C. deserticola CITES-listed and cultivated in Inner Mongolia.
Cistecephalus
Cistecephalus, Owen 1876, a mole-like burrowing emydopoid dicynodont from the Late Permian Karoo's Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone, with a boxy skull, complex cranial sutures, and head-lift digging adaptations.
Cisticola
Cisticola, genus of small Old World passerine birds in family Cisticolidae, established by Kaup 1829; about 50 grassland species including the polygamous zitting cisticola (Cisticola juncidis), named for basket-like nests.
Cistothorus
Cistothorus (marsh wrens), genus of small American wrens in Troglodytidae erected by Cabanis in 1850; includes Sedge Wren (C. stellaris or C. platensis), Marsh Wren (C. palustris), Grass Wren, and the Endangered Apolinar's Wren.
Cistus ladanifer
Cistus ladanifer, known as common gum cistus, gum rockrose, or jara, is a shrub native to the western Mediterranean whose sticky exudate, labdanum, is used as a fixative in perfumes.
Cistus monspeliensis
Cistus monspeliensis L. (Montpelier rock rose, estepa negra), a white-flowered Cistaceae shrub native to the Mediterranean and Macaronesia, introduced in California; drought semi-deciduous, fire-germinating, IUCN least concern, 2n=18.
Citalopram
Citalopram (Celexa, Cipramil) is a racemic SSRI antidepressant approved by the FDA in 1998 for adult depression and used for panic disorder; its S-enantiomer is escitalopram, with modest efficacy differences debated.
CITE-seq
CITE-seq, cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing, is a single-cell method measuring RNA and surface proteins in the same cells, reported in 2017.
Citicoline
Citicoline (CDP-choline, cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine) is a choline-cytidine compound used as a stroke drug and cognitive supplement; Cochrane evidence shows no clear benefit in acute ischemic stroke.
Citraka haritaki
Citraka haritaki (Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha) is a semisolid Ayurvedic confection of Plumbago zeylanica, Terminalia chebula, decoctions, jaggery, and honey, dosed 6–12 g with milk for cough, asthma, and digestive disorders.
Citrakadi Curna
Citrakadi Cirna (Citrakādi Cūrṇa, Chitrakadi Churna) is a classical Ayurvedic powder built on Plumbago zeylanica root with pungent herbs, ksharas, and five salts, dosed 3 g with warm water for agnimandya, grahani, and Kapha disorders; monographed in API Part II Vol III.
Citrakadi Gutika
Citrakadi Gutika (Chitrakadi Vati), AFI000355, a classical Ayurvedic pill with Plumbago zeylanica, pungent spices, and salts, used for Agnimandya, Amadosha, and Grahani (IBS), dose 250-500 mg.
Citrakadi Taila
Citrakadi Taila (Citrakādi Taila, चित्रकादि), also spelled Chitrakadi Taila, is an Ayurvedic medicated sesame oil from Sushruta Samhita, standardized in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, applied externally for bhagandara (fistula-in-ano).
Citrate synthase
Citrate synthase (EC 2.3.3.1, formerly EC 4.1.3.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to citrate, the first step of the citric acid cycle.
Citrate transporter
Citrate transporters move citrate across membranes. Bacterial ones are secondary transporters (2HCT, CitMHS metal-citrate family with CitM/CitH complementary specificity); eukaryotes use SLC13A5 and the mitochondrial citrate carrier.
Citric acid cycle
Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle): eight mitochondrial matrix reactions oxidizing acetyl-CoA to CO2, producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP; discovered by Hans Krebs, 1953 Nobel Prize.
Citrin deficiency
Citrin deficiency, also called AGC2 deficiency, is an autosomal recessive SLC25A13 disorder causing NICCD, FTTDCD, and adult-onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2), prevalent in East Asia, with carbohydrate aversion and MCT-based dietary treatment.
Citrinin
Citrinin (CIT) is a polyketide mycotoxin from Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Monascus fungi, first isolated from P. citrinum in 1931; a nephrotoxin contaminating grains, red yeast rice, fruits, and spices, regulated in the EU at 100 µg/kg in red yeast rice supplements.
Citrobacter
Citrobacter, genus of Gram-negative citrate-utilizing Enterobacteriaceae rods (Werkman & Gillen 1932; type species C. freundii); opportunistic nosocomial pathogen with AmpC, ESBL, and carbapenemase-mediated multidrug resistance.
Citrobacter freundii
Citrobacter freundii, also historically Bacterium freundii, is a Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae species and type species of Citrobacter; an opportunistic pathogen causing UTIs and bloodstream infections with inducible AmpC and rising carbapenem resistance.
Citrobacter koseri
Citrobacter koseri (syn. Levinea malonatica, Citrobacter diversus) is a gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae bacterium of water, soil, and food, an opportunistic pathogen notorious for neonatal meningitis with brain abscesses in about 77% of cases.
Citrobacter rodentium
Citrobacter rodentium, formerly C. freundii biotype 4280, is a Gram-negative mouse-specific enteropathogen causing transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia; via its LEE island and attaching and effacing lesions it is the standard small-animal model for EPEC and EHEC infection.
Citron
Citron (Citrus medica, etrog, cedrat, Buddha's hand) is a Himalayan-native citrus species with thick-peeled, sour fruit; one of four ancestral citrus taxa, parent of the lemon, and the Sukkot ritual etrog.
Citronella oil
Citronella oil (plant oils/citronella oil), an essential oil from Cymbopogon nardus and C. winterianus grasses, is an EPA-registered insect repellent whose main components citronellol, citronellal, and geraniol evaporate quickly, giving shorter protection than DEET.
Citrulline
Citrulline (L-citrulline), a non-essential amino acid named after watermelon (Citrullus), is made in the urea cycle, converted by the kidneys to arginine for nitric oxide production, and used as a supplement and in urea cycle disorder treatment.
Citrullinemia type I
Citrullinemia type I (classic citrullinemia, CTLN1) is an autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder caused by ASS1 deficiency, causing hyperammonemia and citrulline accumulation; diagnosed by ammonia >150 µmol/L and citrulline >500 µmol/L, treated by protein restriction, nitrogen scavengers, and liver transplantation.
Citrullinemia type II
Citrullinemia type II (CTLN2, adult-onset type II citrullinemia, now adolescent and adult citrin deficiency) is an autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder from SLC25A13 mutations causing citrin deficiency, with hyperammonemic encephalopathy, carbohydrate aversion, and MCT or liver transplant treatment.
Citrullus
Citrullus is a genus of seven African Cucurbitaceae species including the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), colocynth, citron melon, and egusi watermelon; the Kordofan melon is the watermelon's closest wild relative.
Citrullus colocynthis
Citrullus colocynthis, colocynth or bitter apple (alhandal, handal), a perennial desert cucurbit vine from Macaronesia to Myanmar; bitter fruits rich in cucurbitacins, used traditionally as a purgative and antidiabetic, but toxic with a narrow therapeutic index.
Citrus
Citrus is a Rutaceae genus of evergreen fruit trees (oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits, mandarins) native from the Himalaya to Japan and the SW Pacific; largest world fruit crop, now threatened by huanglongbing (citrus greening).