72,234 articles
Circumcision
Circumcision, or male circumcision, is the surgical removal of the penile foreskin, done for religious, cultural, or medical reasons. It reduces female-to-male HIV risk by about 60%, unlike female genital mutilation, which WHO condemns.
Circumcision controversies
Circumcision controversies cover medical, ethical, and legal disputes over non-therapeutic male circumcision, also called neonatal or infant circumcision. Key points: AAP 2012 and CDC 2018 support access, WHO backs VMMC for HIV prevention, European and Canadian bodies do not recommend routine infant circumcision.
Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma
Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) is a rare benign vascular tumor of the choroid, distinct from the diffuse Sturge-Weber-associated form. Orange-red posterior pole mass causing subretinal fluid; often misdiagnosed; treated with photodynamic therapy or radiotherapy.
Circumscribed palmoplantar hypokeratosis
Circumscribed palmoplantar hypokeratosis (circumscribed acral hypokeratosis, CPH) is a rare acquired skin dysplasia first described in 2002, causing small depressed erythematous palm or sole plaques with stair-like stratum corneum thinning.
Circumstantiality
Circumstantiality, also called circumstantial thinking, is circuitous speech with excessive irrelevant detail that eventually returns to the point; a formal thought disorder sign seen in schizophrenia, mania, dementia, and sometimes healthy speech.
Circus aeruginosus
Circus aeruginosus, the Western or Eurasian Marsh Harrier, is a large reedbed raptor of Eurasia and Africa, lacking the white rump of the Hen Harrier; extinct in Britain by 1899, it recovered to 590 UK pairs by 2016.
Circus cyaneus
Circus cyaneus, the Hen Harrier, is a Eurasian harrier raptor split in 2016 from the American Northern Harrier (Circus hudsonius) on genetic and morphological grounds; IUCN Least Concern, persecuted in UK uplands.
Circus pygargus
Circus pygargus, Montagu's Harrier (Busard cendré), a migratory ground-nesting raptor breeding from Western Europe to Central Asia and wintering in Africa and southern Asia; IUCN Least Concern with 300,000-550,000 mature individuals but decreasing from agricultural intensification.
CIRENDO study
CIRENDO (North-West Inter Regional Female Cohort for Patients with Endometriosis, NCT02294825) is a French prospective cohort, G4-funded and coordinated by Horace Roman, registering surgically and histologically confirmed endometriosis patients since 2009 with questionnaire follow-up at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 years.
Cirmtuzumab
Cirmtuzumab, also called zilovertamab (UC-961), is a humanized anti-ROR1 monoclonal antibody for CLL, MCL, and DLBCL; its ADC form is zilovertamab vedotin (MK-2140, VLS-101).
Cirna paricatiktaka ghrta
Cirna paricatiktaka ghrta, a Sanskrit-style name for ghrita (घृत), Ayurvedic medicated ghee made by Sneha Kalpana at a 1:4:16 kalka-sneha-drava ratio, valued as a lipid carrier for deep tissue delivery.
Ciro de Quadros
Ciro de Quadros (1940–2014) was a Brazilian physician and epidemiologist who led the campaigns that made the Americas the first region to eliminate polio and measles.
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is permanent scarring of the liver from causes such as alcohol-associated liver disease, NAFLD, and chronic hepatitis B and C; diagnosed by blood tests, elastography, and biopsy, treated by addressing causes, complications, and transplant.
Cirsium
Cirsium, the plume thistles, is a genus of about 500 spiny Asteraceae herbs native from temperate Eurasia to North America; includes invasive Canada thistle (C. arvense) and bull thistle (C. vulgare) and many rare native species.
Cirsium arvense
Cirsium arvense, creeping or Canada thistle, is a dioecious perennial Asteraceae weed native to temperate Eurasia, introduced worldwide, that spreads via deep creeping roots and is notoriously hard to control.
Cirsium vulgare
Cirsium vulgare, bull thistle or spear thistle, is a spiny biennial Asteraceae herb native to Europe, western Asia, and NW Africa, reproducing only by seed, with over 4,000 seeds per plant, invasive in North America and Japan, edible roots and stems.
Cis-encoded antisense RNA
A cis-encoded antisense RNA is a small regulatory RNA transcribed from the same genetic locus as its target, on the opposite DNA strand, making it fully complementary to one target.
Cis-natural antisense transcript
Cis-natural antisense transcripts (cis-NATs) are RNAs transcribed from the opposite DNA strand of the same locus as a sense gene, overlapping it with perfect complementarity; widespread in eukaryotes, they regulate expression via siRNAs, chromatin remodeling, splicing, and translation control.
cis-Prenyltransferase family
The cis-prenyltransferase family is a group of enzymes that build linear polyprenyl diphosphates with cis double bonds, with products ranging from C10 up to natural rubber.
Cis-regulatory element
Cis-regulatory element (CRE): non-coding DNA regulating transcription of nearby genes; classes include promoters, enhancers, silencers, and insulators; mapped genome-wide by ENCODE and engineered synthetically for cell-type-specific gene expression.
Cisatracurium
Cisatracurium (Nimbex) is an intermediate-acting, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug, the single active isomer of atracurium, used with general anesthesia for intubation, surgery, and mechanical ventilation.
Cisca Wijmenga
Cisca Wijmenga is a Dutch human geneticist and Lodewijk Sandkuijl Professor at the University of Groningen, known for celiac disease genetics and gut microbiome research, who served as Rector Magnificus from 2019 to 2023.
Cisplatin
Cisplatin (cis-PtCl2(NH3)2), a platinum chemotherapy drug discovered accidentally by Barnett Rosenberg in 1965, FDA-approved 1978; cures over 90% of testicular cancers by cross-linking DNA, limited by nephro-, neuro-, and ototoxicity and resistance.
Cisplatin and gemcitabine regimen
The cisplatin and gemcitabine regimen (GC or GemCis) is a two-drug intravenous chemotherapy combination pairing cisplatin with gemcitabine, established as standard first-line therapy for advanced biliary tract cancer by the 2010 ABC-02 trial.
Cisplatin and pemetrexed
Cisplatin and pemetrexed is a combination chemotherapy regimen approved in the United States and European Union in 2004, used mainly as first-line treatment of mesothelioma and nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer.
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is cancer treatment in which the platinum drug cisplatin anchors multi-drug regimens for solid tumors, and is best known for making metastatic testicular cancer largely curable.
Cisplatin/paclitaxel regimen
The cisplatin/paclitaxel (TP) regimen is a combination chemotherapy doublet pairing cisplatin with paclitaxel, the accepted first-line treatment for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer, though responses are short-lived.
Cisplatin/vinorelbine regimen
The cisplatin/vinorelbine regimen is a two-drug chemotherapy combination pairing cisplatin with vinorelbine, used mainly for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and, less often, mesothelioma.
Cissus quadrangularis
Cissus quadrangularis (veldt grape, Hadjod, Asthisamharaka) is a climbing succulent in Vitaceae native from Africa to Myanmar, used in Ayurveda for bone fractures; clinical evidence supports fracture-related benefit but remains low certainty.
Cistaceae
Cistaceae, the rockrose family, is a Malvales family of eight genera and about 180 species of aromatic shrubs and herbs, concentrated in the Mediterranean, including Cistus, Helianthemum, Fumana, Halimium, and Tuberaria.