72,234 articles
Craniosacral therapy
Craniosacral therapy (CST), an alternative manual therapy derived from Sutherland's cranial osteopathy, uses gentle touch on the skull and sacrum; systematic reviews find insufficient, low-certainty evidence of effectiveness.
Craniospinal irradiation
Craniospinal irradiation is a radiotherapy technique treating the entire brain and spinal subarachnoid space as one continuous volume, mainly for medulloblastoma and other tumors that spread through cerebrospinal fluid.
Craniosynostosis
Craniosynostosis, also called craniostenosis, is the premature fusion of cranial sutures, occurring in about 1 in 2000-2500 births; sagittal suture most often involved, treated surgically in infancy.
Craniosynostosis-anal anomalies-porokeratosis syndrome
CDAGS syndrome (craniosynostosis-anal anomalies-porokeratosis syndrome, CAP syndrome) is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder with coronal craniosynostosis, clavicular hypoplasia, open fontanels, anal and genitourinary anomalies, porokeratosis, hearing loss, linked to RNU12 on 22q13.
Craniosynostosis-hydrocephalus-Arnold-Chiari malformation type I-radioulnar synostosis syndrome
Craniosynostosis-hydrocephalus-Arnold-Chiari malformation type I-radioulnar synostosis syndrome (Berant, Capra-DeMarco syndrome) is an ultra-rare syndromic craniosynostosis with sagittal synostosis, hydrocephalus, Chiari I malformation, radioulnar synostosis, and facial, renal, genital anomalies; fewer than 1 in 1,000,000.
Craniosynostosis, Boston type
Craniosynostosis, Boston type (CRS2, OMIM 604757, Warman-Mulliken-Hayward syndrome) is a rare autosomal dominant syndromic craniosynostosis caused by gain-of-function MSX2 Pro148 mutations, with variable suture fusion, cloverleaf skull, limb anomalies, and normal intelligence.
Craniosynostosis, Philadelphia type
Craniosynostosis, Philadelphia type (OMIM 185900) is a very rare autosomal dominant syndromic craniosynostosis with sagittal/dolichocephalic head shape, normal face, complete soft tissue syndactyly of hands and feet, possibly IHH-related and sharing etiology with syndactyly type 1A.
Craniotomy
Craniotomy: neurosurgical procedure temporarily removing a skull bone flap to reach the brain for tumor, hemorrhage, aneurysm, or seizure treatment; first wide approach by Wagner in 1889; bone replaced, unlike craniectomy.
Craniotubular dysplasia, Ikegawa type
Craniotubular dysplasia, Ikegawa type (CTDI, OMIM 619727) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive sclerosing bone disorder caused by TMEM53 variants, with skull hyperostosis, short stature, and vision loss from optic nerve compression.
Crappie
Crappie: two North American freshwater sunfish species, black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and white crappie (Pomoxis annularis), popular panfish distinguished by dorsal spine count (7-8 vs 5-6), stocked widely across the US.
Craspedacusta sowerbii
Craspedacusta sowerbii, the peach blossom or freshwater jellyfish, is an invasive Olindiidae hydrozoan native to China's Yangtze valley, described in London in 1880, with polyp and sporadic medusa stages on all continents except Antarctica.
Crassostrea rhizophorae
Crassostrea rhizophorae (mangrove oyster, basionym Ostrea rhizophorae Guilding 1828) is an Atlantic American cupped oyster living on Rhizophora mangle roots; C. mangle is its synonym, and it is harvested artisanally in Brazil.
Crassostrea virginica
Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster, American cupped oyster), a bivalve mollusk from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico; reef-building filter feeder, Chesapeake populations at 1-2% of historic levels, subject of major restoration programs.
CrAssphage
CrAssphage (cross-assembly phage, Carjivirus communis) is the most abundant DNA virus in human feces, discovered in 2014 by metagenomic assembly, and a human-specific microbial source tracking marker for fecal water pollution.
Crassula
Crassula is a cosmopolitan genus of about 200-220 succulent Crassulaceae species, mostly southern African, with opposite leaves, single-whorl stamens, origin in the Greater Cape Floristic Region about 46 Mya, and the jade plant C. ovata.
Crassula muscosa
Crassula muscosa (watch chain, rattail crassula, princess pine) is a South African and Namibian Crassulaceae succulent subshrub with four-ranked scale-like leaves on wiry stems, described by Linnaeus in 1760, Least Concern, widely cultivated.
Crassula ovata
Crassula ovata, the jade plant (also money plant, lucky plant; Japanese kanenonaruki カネノナルキ), is a succulent Crassulaceae shrub native from SE Mozambique to South Africa's Cape, widely grown as a houseplant; synonym Crassula argentea, Least Concern.
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae, the stonecrop family, is a Saxifragales family of about 1,400-1,500 succulent species in three subfamilies, including Sedum, Echeveria, Kalanchoe, and Sempervivum, and gave its name to CAM photosynthesis.
Crassulacean acid metabolism
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a water-saving photosynthetic variant, also called CAM photosynthesis, in which stomata open at night, CO2 is stored as malic acid, and Rubisco refixes it by day; it evolved independently at least 35 times.
Crataegus
Crataegus (hawthorn) is a Rosaceae genus of thorny shrubs and small trees of temperate Eurasia and North America, with roughly 150–260 species, complicated by hybridization, polyploidy, and apomixis.
Crataegus monogyna
Crataegus monogyna, common or single-seed hawthorn (aubepine), a thorny Rosaceae tree native from Europe to Iraq and North Africa, widely naturalized and invasive in North America and Australia, used medicinally.
Cratena peregrina
Cratena peregrina, the pilgrim hervia or tricolor nudibranch, is a Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic aeolid sea slug (Facelinidae) that eats Eudendrium hydroids and practices kleptopredation of captured plankton.
Craterellus
Craterellus (black trumpets, winter chanterelles) is a genus of Hydnaceae fungi with funnel-shaped, hollow-stiped fruiting bodies, typified by C. cornucopioides; ectomycorrhizal, edible, with about 57 accepted species.
Craterellus cornucopioides
Craterellus cornucopioides, the black trumpet or horn of plenty, is an edible ectomycorrhizal fungus with dark hollow trumpet fruiting bodies, white spore print, spores 10–14 × 6.5–9 µm, and no developed cultivation.
Craugastor
Craugastor, the northern rain frogs, is a genus of 121 direct-developing frog species in Craugastoridae, ranging from southern Arizona and Texas to northwestern Ecuador and Colombia, with many cryptic species and chytrid-driven extinctions.
Cravacitinib
Cravacitinib (deucravacitinib, Sotyktu) is Bristol Myers Squibb's first-in-class oral allosteric TYK2 inhibitor, deuterated, 6 mg daily, approved 2022 for plaque psoriasis and 2026 for psoriatic arthritis.
Cravenoceras
Cravenoceras (Bisat, 1928) is an extinct Carboniferous goniatitid ammonoid genus of the family Cravenoceratidae, used as an index fossil in Namurian ammonoid zones and known from species such as C. leion and C. fayettevillae.
Crax
Crax is a genus of large, ground-dwelling curassows in the family Cracidae, tropical American gamebirds whose seven species are all threatened by hunting and habitat loss.
Crax blumenbachii
Crax blumenbachii, red-billed curassow, is an Endangered Cracidae gamebird endemic to Brazil's Atlantic Forest; a 1990 reintroduction released 200+ birds in Minas Gerais, and it disperses seeds of 80 plant species up to 300–500 m.
Crayfish
Also known as crawfish, yabby, marron, and redclaw, crayfish are freshwater decapod crustaceans living on every continent except Antarctica, identified by five pairs of walking legs.