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Crayfish as food
Crayfish as food: freshwater crustaceans also called crawfish, crawdads, or xiaolongxia. Eaten in Louisiana (Cajun cuisine), Sweden (August kräftskiva parties), and China, which consumes about 90% of world crayfish; major farmed species is Procambarus clarkii.
Crayfish plague
Crayfish plague, caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, is a WOAH-listed disease lethal to European crayfish; carried by North American species like the signal crayfish, first seen in Europe in 1859.
CRB1
CRB1 (crumbs cell polarity complex component 1), also known as LCA8 or RP12, is a chromosome 1q31.3 gene encoding a photoreceptor polarity protein; biallelic variants cause Leber congenital amaurosis, retinitis pigmentosa with PPRPE, and macular dystrophy.
CRBN
CRBN (cereblon), also known as MRT2, is a human gene on chromosome 3 encoding a protein that is the direct molecular target of thalidomide and lenalidomide.
Cre recombinase
Cre recombinase is a 38-kDa tyrosine site-specific recombinase from bacteriophage P1 that recombines 34-bp loxP sites without cofactors; variants (lox2272, lox511), CreERT2 induction, and Flp/Dre comparisons define the Cre-lox genome-engineering toolbox.
Cre-Lox recombination
Cre-Lox recombination: site-specific DNA recombination using Cre recombinase from bacteriophage P1 acting at 34 bp loxP sites; core tool for conditional mouse genetics, lineage tracing, and plant marker excision.
Cream of Wheat
Cream of Wheat is an American brand of farina, a smooth hot breakfast cereal created in 1893 at a flour mill in Grand Forks, North Dakota, and now owned by B&G Foods.
Creampie (sexual act)
Creampie: porn-derived slang (late 1990s–early 2000s) for ejaculating inside a partner's vagina or anus without a condom, with visible semen; carries pregnancy and STI risks.
Creatinase, C-terminal
Creatinase, C-terminal (InterPro IPR039394, Creatinase_C) is the large catalytic domain (residues 161-402) of creatinase, EC 3.5.3.3, a peptidase M24 pita-bread-fold domain holding His232, distinct from the N-terminal Creatinase_N domain.
Creatine
Creatine (kreas, meat; discovered by Chevreul, 1832) is a guanidine compound supplying muscle energy via phosphocreatine; creatine monohydrate is the leading ergogenic supplement for high-intensity exercise, safe at 3-5 g/day, weight gain its main side effect.
Creatine kinase
Creatine kinase (CK, CPK, EC 2.7.3.2) is an enzyme catalyzing ATP + creatine = ADP + phosphocreatine. Dimeric M/B subunits form CK-MM, CK-MB, CK-BB isoenzymes; serum CK marks muscle injury, CK-MB once diagnosed heart attacks before troponin.
Creatine metabolism
Creatine metabolism: two-step biosynthesis of creatine from glycine, arginine, and S-adenosylmethionine via AGAT and GAMT, SLC6A8-mediated uptake, creatine kinase phosphorylation to phosphocreatine for ATP buffering, and creatinine excretion; defects cause cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes.
Creatinine
Creatinine: waste product of muscle breakdown filtered by the kidneys; serum creatinine is the main marker for eGFR kidney-function estimation, measured by Jaffe or enzymatic assays, limited by muscle mass, diet, and assay interference.
Creatinine clearance
Creatinine clearance (CrCl) is a kidney function test estimating glomerular filtration rate from blood and 24-hour urine creatinine; it overestimates true GFR and has largely been replaced by eGFR equations.
Creatinolfosfate
Creatinolfosfate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP), C4H12N3O4P, is a methylated creatine analog and cardiac drug (ATC C01EB05) studied in 1970s Italy for anti-ischemic, anti-arrhythmic effects; oral creatine-source claims are unsupported.
Creativity and mental health
Creativity and mental health: research field on links between creative ability and psychiatric illness (mad-genius hypothesis, inverted-U with schizophrenia and bipolar spectrum) and benefits of creative activity for well-being.
Creatonotos gangis
Creatonotos gangis (Baphomet moth, クロスジヒトリ) is an Asian-Australian tiger moth (Erebidae, Arctiinae) whose males inflate four hairy coremata scent organs, sized by larval pyrrolizidine alkaloid intake, to release hydroxydanaidal pheromone.
CREB
CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a bZIP transcription factor, family member with ATF-1 and CREM, activated by Ser133 phosphorylation recruiting CBP/p300; roles in memory, metabolism, and cancer.
CREB phosphorylation
CREB phosphorylation: phosphorylation of the CREB transcription factor, chiefly at Ser133 in its kinase-inducible domain, by PKA, CaMKs, RSK, MSK1/2, and MAPKAPK2, enabling CBP/p300 recruitment and cAMP-, calcium-, and stress-responsive gene transcription.
CREB-binding protein
CREB-binding protein (CBP, KAT3A, CREBBP) is a ~265 kDa transcriptional coactivator and lysine acetyltransferase recruited by phosphorylated CREB; loss causes Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome and frequent B-cell lymphoma inactivation.
CREB1
CREB1 (CREB, CREB-1) is a human protein-coding gene at 2q33.3 encoding a bZIP transcription factor that binds the cAMP-responsive element as a dimer and activates target genes after Ser133 phosphorylation, recruiting CBP/p300.
CREDENCE trial
CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation), NCT02065791, phase 3 trial of canagliflozin 100 mg vs placebo in 4,401 patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric CKD; primary composite renal/CV outcome HR 0.70, stopped early for benefit in 2018.
Credentialing
Credentialing is the official recognition of professional or technical competence through registration, certification, licensure, membership, or degrees, and in healthcare it determines which practitioners may treat patients.
Credentialing and regulation of paraveterinary workers
Credentialing and regulation of paraveterinary workers, such as veterinary technicians and nurses, varies widely by country: US technicians pass the VTNE, UK veterinary nursing is a protected title, and WOAH recommends statutory regulation.
Creep feeding
Creep feeding is the practice of giving supplemental feed to nursing livestock young through a gate too small for adults, adding pre-weaning weight gain and starting rumen development.
Creeping myiasis
Creeping (migratory) myiasis: rare skin infestation by bot fly larvae, mainly Gasterophilus (horse bot fly) and Hypoderma (cattle bot fly), which migrate through skin causing serpiginous, itchy tracks; humans are accidental hosts.
CREM
CREM (cAMP responsive element modulator, Gene ID 1390) is a human chromosome 10 bZIP transcription factor gene of the CREB/ATF family that generates both activator (CREMτ) and repressor (CREMα, ICER) isoforms of cAMP-driven transcription, and is essential for spermatogenesis and implicated in SLE and FET::CREB fusion tumors.
Cremaster muscle
The cremaster muscle, Latin musculus cremaster, is a thin muscle layer in males that runs along the spermatic cord and raises the testis to regulate its temperature.
Creme Puff (cat)
Creme Puff, also spelled Crème Puff, was an Austin, Texas domestic cat owned by Jake Perry, the Guinness World Record oldest cat ever at 38 years and 3 days (1967–2005), more than double typical cat lifespan.
Crenezumab
Crenezumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against beta-amyloid developed by Genentech and Roche to treat and prevent Alzheimer's disease, discontinued after failing phase 3 trials.