72,234 articles
CRISPR–Cas9 delivery
CRISPR–Cas9 delivery is the set of methods used to transport the Cas9 genome-editing machinery into cells, widely considered the main barrier to in vivo CRISPR therapy.
Crisscross heart
Crisscross heart (CCH), also called superoinferior ventricles or twisted atrioventricular connections, is a rare congenital malformation with crossed ventricular inflow streams from twisting of the heart about its long axis, prevalence about 1/125,000 live births.
Crista
Crista (plural cristae), an inward fold of the mitochondrial inner membrane housing oxidative phosphorylation machinery; shaped by MICOS, OPA1, ATP synthase dimers, and cardiolipin; junctions 10–15 nm.
Cristen J. Willer
Cristen J. Willer is a Canadian computational geneticist who studies blood lipid genetics, created the widely used METAL tool, and joined the Regeneron Genetics Center in 2022.
Cristian Tomasetti
Cristian Tomasetti is an Italian-born biostatistician and cancer researcher known for the 2015 "bad luck" paper with Bert Vogelstein and for liquid biopsy blood tests for early cancer detection.
Cristiana Sessa
Cristiana Sessa is a Swiss-based medical oncologist specializing in gynecologic cancers, known for European guidelines on ovarian cancer and early-phase new-drug development at the Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland.
Cristina Howard-Varona
Cristina Howard-Varona is a Spanish-trained virus ecologist and microbiology research scientist at The Ohio State University known for experimental work on the virocell concept, treating virus-infected cells as a distinct biological state.
Cristina M. Alberini
Cristina M. Alberini is a neuroscientist at New York University who studies the molecular and cellular mechanisms of long-term memory consolidation, identifying C/EBP and IGF-II as key factors.
Crisugabalin
Crisugabalin (HSK16149) is a third-generation oral calcium channel α2δ ligand GABA analog by Haisco, approved in China for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain and postherpetic neuralgia, studied also for postoperative and central neuropathic pain.
Criteria for eukaryote branch placement
Criteria for eukaryote branch placement: molecular standards (SSU rRNA, phylogenomics, eukaryotic signature proteins, rooting, artifact control) deciding whether eukaryotes are a third domain or branch within Asgard archaea.
Crithmum maritimum
Crithmum maritimum, known as rock samphire or sea fennel, is a perennial coastal plant in the carrot family, native from western Europe to the Mediterranean and valued as an edible halophyte.
Critical Care
Critical care (intensive care) is the specialty treating critically ill patients in ICUs. Born from Copenhagen's 1952 polio epidemic and Bjorn Ibsen's first ICU (1953), it now uses closed units, severity scoring, and sepsis guidelines.
Critical care medicine
Critical Care Medicine (Crit Care Med) is the monthly peer-reviewed official journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine, published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins since 1973, with a 2025 impact factor of 7.5 and fully online format since January 2025.
Critical care nurse
A critical care nurse is a registered nurse specializing in the care of patients with acute, life-threatening illness or injury, usually in an intensive care unit requiring continuous monitoring.
Critical period
Critical period: a limited developmental window when experience is essential for normal brain development and its absence causes permanent change; classic model is Hubel and Wiesel's ocular dominance plasticity in cat visual cortex, distinct from broader sensitive periods.
Critically Endangered
Critically Endangered (CR) is the highest threatened category on the IUCN Red List, for species facing extremely high extinction risk, e.g. ≥90% decline, <100 km² range, <50 mature individuals, or ≥50% extinction probability in 10 years.
Critiques of the Lokiarchaeota analyses and the two-domain debate
Critiques of the Lokiarchaeota analyses: Da Cunha, Gaia, and Forterre's 2017 contamination, EF2, and RNA polymerase objections to the Asgard-eukaryote link, the Spang rebuttal, and the two-domain versus three-domain tree debate.
Crizanlizumab
Crizanlizumab (Adakveo, SEG101) is a humanized IgG2 anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibody approved by FDA in 2019 to reduce vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease; the EU withdrew it in 2023 after the STAND trial failed to confirm benefit.
Crizotinib
Crizotinib (Xalkori) is an oral ALK, MET, and ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2011 and EMA in 2012 for ALK-positive and ROS1-positive NSCLC, limited by poor CNS penetration and G2032R resistance.
CRKL
CRKL (Crk-like proto-oncogene) is a human gene at 22q11.21 encoding a 39 kDa SH2-SH3-SH3 adaptor protein, a BCR/ABL substrate in CML, and a renal development gene implicated in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
CRLF2
CRLF2 (TSLPR, cytokine receptor-like factor 2) gene at Xp22.3/Yp11.3 encodes a type I cytokine receptor that with IL7R binds TSLP, activating JAK2/STAT5/STAT3; overexpression drives poor-prognosis B-ALL.
cRNA Synthesis
cRNA synthesis: production of complementary RNA, chiefly the full-length positive-sense replicative intermediate influenza A virus makes from viral RNA (vRNA) before amplifying progeny genomes, via de novo pppApG initiation.
Crocidura
Crocidura (white-toothed shrews, Wagler 1832) is the most speciose mammal genus, family Soricidae, order Eulipotyphla, with 220 species across Africa, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia.
Crocodile
Crocodile: large semi-aquatic predatory reptiles of Crocodylidae within Crocodylia; 26 recognised crocodilian species, U- vs V-snouted from alligators, salt glands, bite forces up to about 16,400 N, tropical distribution worldwide.
Crocodile attack
Crocodile attack: injury or death caused by crocodilians attacking humans, central to human-crocodile conflict. Saltwater and Nile crocodiles cause most attacks; drowning is the main cause of death; Indonesia recorded the most attacks in 2024.
Crocodilia
Crocodilia: order of crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials; 26 recognized species in three Late Cretaceous lineages; 7 of 25 assessed species Critically Endangered; managed via sustainable-use farming.
Crocodylus
Crocodylus is a genus of true crocodiles named by Laurenti in 1768, containing roughly half of all living crocodylian species across the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australasia.
Crocosmia
Crocosmia, also known as montbretia, is a genus of about 10 cormous perennials in the iris family, native from Sudan to South Africa and grown for arching summer flower spikes.
Crocus
Crocus, genus of corm-bearing Iridaceae perennials native from the Mediterranean to Xinjiang, 257 accepted species; includes saffron Crocus sativus, a sterile triploid derived from Crocus cartwrightianus, domesticated in Bronze Age Greece.
Crocus sativus
Crocus sativus, the saffron crocus, is a sterile triploid Iridaceae herb domesticated in ancient Greece from C. cartwrightianus; its hand-picked red stigmas yield saffron, graded by ISO 3632 via crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal.