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Crushing injury of forearm
Crushing injury of forearm (ICD-11 NC37) is compressive forearm trauma causing muscle, nerve, vascular, and bone damage; key risks are acute compartment syndrome requiring fasciotomy and crush syndrome with kidney injury.
Crushing injury of hand
Crushing injury of hand (ICD-11 NC58): damage when fingers, hand, or wrist are caught between two surfaces, proportional to force and compression duration; managed by debridement, skeletal stabilisation, revascularisation, and staged reconstruction.
Crushing injury of head
Crushing injury of head (ICD-11 NA08; ICD-10 S07): damage to head tissues from a crushing external force, subdivided into brain, face, skull, and scalp crush injuries; a rare blunt-force mechanism counted among traumatic brain injury codes.
Crushing injury of hip
Crushing injury of hip (ICD-10-CM S77.0) is a non-billable category for crush injuries of the hip alone, with child codes S77.00-S77.02 by laterality, 7th characters A/D/S, and sibling codes S77.1 and S77.2.
Crushing injury of knee
Crushing injury of knee (ICD-11 NC97.0) is a crush injury from direct compressive force localized to the knee, also SNOMED CT 211595005. Risks include compartment syndrome and crush syndrome with acute kidney injury; management emphasizes early safe release and individualized fluids.
Crushing injury of lower leg
Crushing injury of lower leg (ICD-11 NC97; ICD-10-CM S87): direct compression trauma to the leg below the knee, risking compartment syndrome and crush syndrome with rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury.
Crushing injury of neck
A crushing injury of neck is an injury in which neck tissues are damaged by direct crushing force, classified in the WHO's ICD-11 under code NA62.
Crushing injury of thigh
Crushing injury of thigh (ICD-10-CM S77.1): damage to thigh soft tissue, bone, nerves, and vessels from compressive force; coded by laterality (S77.10-12) with 7th character, risks compartment syndrome and crush syndrome.
Crushing injury of wrist
Crushing injury of wrist (ICD-11 NC58.3): compressive wrist trauma damaging bone, vessels, nerves, and soft tissue, managed by debridement, skeletal stabilisation, revascularisation, flap cover, and staged reconstruction.
Crustacean
Crustaceans: aquatic arthropods including crabs, lobsters, shrimp, copepods, and barnacles, about 64,000 described species; insects nest within the wider clade Pancrustacea, and shrimp farming is a major global food industry.
Crustacean cardioactive peptide
Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), PFCNAFTGCamide, a cyclic amidated nonapeptide neuropeptide from crabs and insects; signals via GPCRs orthologous to NPS receptors, accelerating the heart, regulating ecdysis, immunity, and sand-diving behavior.
Crustacean cuticle
Crustacean cuticle: the chitin-protein-calcium carbonate composite exoskeleton of crabs, lobsters, and other crustaceans, layered (epicuticle to membranous layer), molted, and mineralized with Mg-calcite and amorphous calcium carbonate.
Crustacean fossil record
The crustacean fossil record is the documented history of crustaceans in rocks, dating back more than 500 million years to the Cambrian and dominated by ostracodes and decapods.
Crustacean larva
Crustacean larva: free-living immature stages of crustaceans, chiefly the nauplius with three pairs of cephalic appendages, then zoea and megalopa in decapods; development may be direct, anamorphic, or metamorphic, controlled by ecdysteroid molting hormones.
Crustacean symbiosis
Crustacean symbiosis is the close association between crustaceans and other species, spanning mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, seen in cleaner shrimps, hermit crabs with anemones, and pea crabs.
Crusted scabies
Crusted scabies, formerly known as Norwegian scabies, is a severe, highly contagious form of scabies in which millions of mites in thick skin crusts drive most outbreaks.
Crustose lichen
Crustose lichen: a lichen growth form forming a thin crust inseparable from rock, bark, or soil, attached by medullary hyphae; about 50% of lichen-forming ascomycetes, slow radial growth, used in lichenometry and air-quality bioindication.
Crutches
Crutches are ambulation aids that shift body weight from the legs to the arms and torso, used after lower-limb injury or surgery. Main types are axillary, forearm (Lofstrand), and platform; proper fitting prevents crutch palsy and other injuries.
Cruzipain
Cruzipain, also called cruzain or GP57/51, is the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite causing Chagas disease, and a validated drug target encoded by a multigene family.
CRY1
CRY1 (cryptochrome circadian regulator 1, Gene ID 1407, 12q23.3) encodes cryptochrome-1, the main CLOCK-BMAL1 repressor in the mammalian circadian clock; its CRY1Δ11 gain-of-function variant causes familial delayed sleep phase disorder and altered expression is linked to cancer.
CRY2
CRY2 (cryptochrome circadian regulator 2, HCRY2) is the human FAD-binding cryptochrome gene of the circadian core oscillator; a weaker transcriptional repressor than CRY1, with Cry2 knockout mice showing long (~24.5 h) circadian periods.
CRYAB
CRYAB encodes alpha-B-crystallin (HSPB5), a small heat-shock protein chaperone of the eye lens, muscle, heart, and brain; mutations cause myofibrillar myopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and cataract, notably R120G desmin-related myopathy.
Cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections
Cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS) is an electron microscopy method in which vitrified biological samples are cut into ultrathin sections and imaged in their native, hydrated state.
Cryo-electron tomography
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is an electron microscopy technique that reconstructs 3D volumes of vitrified, flash-frozen biological samples, imaging membranes and macromolecules inside cells at 2 to 4 nm resolution.
Cryo-electron tomography of virus particles
Cryo-electron tomography of virus particles applies cryo-ET, a 3D electron microscopy method on vitrified samples, to determine structures of pleomorphic viruses like HIV and influenza in near-native states.
Cryo-focused ion beam milling
Cryo-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) milling is a specimen-preparation technique that sputters frozen cells into electron-transparent lamellae, letting cryo-electron tomography resolve macromolecular complexes in their native cellular environment.
Cryoablation
Cryoablation is a minimally invasive treatment that destroys abnormal tissue, such as tumors and arrhythmia-causing heart tissue, by freezing it through probes or catheters placed inside the body.
Cryoanesthesia
Cryoanesthesia, or refrigeration anesthesia, is anesthesia produced by cooling, either core or skin cooling (MeSH D050785). Used as ice or refrigerant-spray precooling in dentistry and laser therapy, and as cryoanalgesia nerve freezing near −70°C.
Cryoballoon ablation
Cryoballoon ablation is a catheter-based cardiac procedure in which a balloon cooled to −80 °C by nitrous oxide freezes heart tissue around the pulmonary veins, treating atrial fibrillation in a single application.
Cryobiology
Cryobiology is the branch of science that studies how cold temperatures affect living systems, from proteins and cells to entire organisms, including preservation and therapeutic uses.